Biomedical model, reductionism and their consequences for body perception

Magdalena Wieczorkowska

doi:10.18778/0208-600X.90.02

Autor

Magdalena Wieczorkowska Medical University of Lodz, Department of Sociology https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-889X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-600X.90.02

Słowa kluczowe:

redukcjonizm medyczny, uprzedmiotowienie, ciało, fenomenologia

Abstrakt

Współczesna medycyna wciąż się rozwija, pozwalając na wykrywanie wczesnych stadiów choroby, oferując różnorodne warianty leczenia, chroniąc przed niepożądanymi chorobami a także zapewniając zaawansowane rozwiązania farmakologiczne. XIX-wieczny model biomedyczny, który zdominował wiek XX zdecydowanie polepszył nasze rozumienie ludzkiego ciała oraz przyczyn chorób. Pomimo rozwoju innych modeli, takich jak model bio-psycho-społeczny, czy model zorientowany na pacjenta, model biomedyczny pozostaje integralną częścią medycyny opartej na dowodach (evidence-based medicine, EBM). Prowadzi to do szeregu konsekwencji takich jak specjalizacja, determinizm biologiczny, podejście obwiniające, redukcjonizm czy uprzedmiotowienie. Artykuł wykorzystuje analityczną ramę fenomenologii. Postawiono dwa pytania badawcze: 1) w jaki sposób model biomedyczny wpływa na fragmentaryzację opieki nad pacjentem? 2) jaki wpływ ma model biomedyczny na percepcję ciała pacjenta? Główna teza artykułu brzmi: model biomedyczny jest wciąż wpływowy w obszarze badań, edukacji oraz praktyki medycznej i wraz z postępami EBM wpływa na postrzeganie ciała pacjenta. Artykuł opiera się na przeglądzie literatury i ma na celu ukazanie nieoczywistych związków między postępem medycznym i postrzeganiem ciała. Analiza wykazała, że model biomedyczny wpływa na fragmentaryzację opieki nad pacjentem poprzez zwiększający się redukcjonizm i wynikającą z niego specjalizację medycyny, prowadząc do uprzedmiotowienia ciała, które dokonywane jest zarówno przez lekarzy, jak i samych pacjentów.

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