Using Acemoglu and Robinson’s Concept to Assess Leviathans in CEECs in the Long Term
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.22Keywords:
CEECs, Acemoglu & Robinson Concepts, Types of Leviathan, Shackled LeviathanAbstract
The main objective of the paper is to use the following terms of Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson – Despotic, Real, Paper, Shackled Leviathans – to check and evaluate the state of democracy, governance and social power in Central and Eastern European Countries (CECCs). Six states were included in the study: Poland, Czechia, Slovakia (before 1993 Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Based on a historical analysis, Leviathan types were identified in the interwar period, communism, and the transition time. In the most recent period (the twenty‑first century), eight democracy and freedom indices were presented, which take into account the quality of governance, the state of institutions and the potential of social capital in the six CEECs. The usefulness of these indices for assessing whether (and when) a country managed to shackle Leviathan were checked.
Downloads
References
Index of Economic Freedom (2008), https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2008/index2008_executivesummary.pdf (acccessed: 11.10.2021).
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A. (2012), Why Nations Fail. The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty, Crown Business, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/ae29-2j
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A. (2016), Paths to Inclusive Political Institutions, [in:] J. Eloranta, E. Golson, A. Markevich, N. Wolf (eds.), Economic History of Warfare and State Formation, Springer, Singapore, pp. 3–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1605-9_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1605-9_1
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A. (2019), The Narrow Corridor. States, Societies and the Fate of Liberty, Penguin Random House, London.
Austin, R.C. (2021), A History of Central Europe. Nations and States Since 1848, Palgrave Macmillan, Toronto, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84543-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84543-8
Berend, T.I. (1996), Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581748
Blanchard, O.J., Froot, K.A., Sachs, J.D. (1994), The Transition in Eastern Europe, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226056814.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226056814.001.0001
Boia, L. (2001), Romania. Borderland of Europe, Reaktion Books, London.
Brada, J.C. (1993), The Transformation from Communism to Capitalism: How Far? How Fast?, “Post Soviet Affairs”, 9 (2), pp. 87–110, https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.1993.10641361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.1993.10641361
Bretter, Z. (2016), The Name of the Game: The Regime of National Collaboration, [in:] Z. Bretter, Z. Vörös, A. Schmidt, A. Bagieńska‑Masiota, Hungary and Poland in Times of Political Transition. Selected Issues, Faculty of Political Science and Journalism Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, pp. 39–55.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (n.d.), Global Protest Tracker, https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/interactive/protest-tracker (accessed: 20.12.2021).
Council of Europe (n.d.), Our member States, https://www.coe.int/en/web/about‑us/our‑member‑states (accessed: 20.12.2021).
Courtois, S., Werth, N., Panné, J.‑L., Paczkowski, A., Bartošek, K., Margolin. J.‑L. (1999), The Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, Cambridge–London.
Crampton, R.J. (2005), A Concise History of Bulgaria, Cambridge University Press, New York, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996870
David, P. (1985), Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, “The American Economic Review”, 75 (2), pp. 332–337.
Dzionek‑Kozłowska, J., Matera, R. (2015), New Institutional Economics Perspective on Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Concise Review and General Remarks on Acemoglu and Robinson’s Concept, “Scientific Annals of the ‘Alexandru Ioan Cuza’ University of Iasi: Economic Sciences”, 62, pp. 11–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/aicue-2015-0032
Dzionek‑Kozłowska, J., Matera, R. (2020), Which Institutions Are Really Needed to Reach Wealth? A Clarification of Acemoglu and Robinson’s Concept, “Historyka. Studia Metodologiczne”, 50, pp. 377–395.
Dzionek‑Kozłowska, J., Matera, R. (2021), Institutions without Culture: On Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson’s Theory of Economic Development, “Journal of Economic Issues”, 55 (3), pp. 656–676, https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2021.1945885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2021.1945885
Eckstein, H., Gurr, R.T. (1975), Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry, Wiley, New York.
EUR‑Lex (2007), Rozszerzenie 2004: podjęte wyzwanie – UE 25, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Ae50017 (accessed: 20.12.2021).
Fragile States Index (2020), Global Data (2020), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiw-fqsja_4AhWKz4sKHSWaBsYQFnoECAUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-02%2FCountry_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW1973-2021.xlsx&usg=AOvVaw0WHvGBxSi7UckPWBYiAN1E (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Freedom House (n.d.), Countries and Territories, https://freedomhouse.org/countries/nations‑transit/scores (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Freedom House (n.d.), https://freedomhouse.org (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Henry, M. (2014), From Communism to Capitalism. Theory of Catastrophe, Bloomsbury Publishing, London–New York.
Hitchins, K. (2014), A Concise History of Romania, Cambridge University Press, New York, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033954
Hobbes, T. (2020), Leviathan, Mint Editions, West Margin Press, Berkeley.
Ilonszki, G., Dudzińska, A. (2021), Opposition behaviour against the Third Wave of Autocratization: Hungary and Poland Compared, “European Political Science”, 20, pp. 603–616, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00325‑x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00325-x
Janos, A.C. (1982), The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Judson, P.M. (2016), The Habsburg Empire. A New History, The Belknap, Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674969346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674969346
Kaczmarczyk‑Kłak, K. (2018), System rządów w Polsce w latach 1918–1922, „Studia Prawnicze KUL”, 1 (73), pp. 57–80, https://doi.org/10.31743/sp.633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/sp.633
Kalecki, M. (1993), Collected Works, vol. IV, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., Mastruzzi, M. (2009), Governance Matters VIII . Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996–2008, “Policy Research Working Paper”, No. 4978, World Bank, https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4978
Kopeček, M. (2019), Czechoslovak Interwar Democracy and Its Critical Introspections, “Journal of Modern European History”, 17 (1), pp. 7–15, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1611894418820217 (accessed: 11.10.2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894418820217
Kornai, J. (1992), The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism, Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, New York, https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691228020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691228020
Koryś, P. (2018), Poland from Partitions to EU Accession. A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97126-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97126-1
Lange, O. (1962), Problems of Political Economy of Socialism, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi.
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2007), The 2007 Legatum Prosperity Index. A Global Assessment of Wealth and Wellbeing, https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2855 (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2015), The Legatum Prosperity Index, https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2833 (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2016), The Legatum Prosperity Index, https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2884 (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2017), The Legatum Prosperity Index, https://li.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/pdf55f152ff15736886a8b2ff00001f4427.pdf (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2018), 2018 Legatum Prosperity Index,https://li.com/reports/2018-legatum-prosperity-index/ (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2019), 2019 Legatum Prosperity Index, https://li.com/reports/2019‑legatum‑prosperity‑index/ (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Legatum Institute for Global Development (2020), The Legatum Prosperity Index. A tool for transformation, https://docs.prosperity.com/2916/0568/0539/The_Legatum_Prosperity_Index_2020.pdf (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Maerz, S.F., Luhrmann, A., Hellmeier, S., Grahn, S., Lindberg, S.I. (2020), State of the World 2019: Autocratization Surges – Resistance Grows, “Democratization”, 27 (6), pp. 909–927, https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670
McElroy, B. (2021), Book Review: The narrow corridor: States, societies, and the fate of liberty, Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A., Penguin, New York, NY 2020. 576 pp. $20.00 (paper), “Governance. An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions”, 34 (2), pp. 592–594, https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12585
Miller, T., Kim, A.B. (2015), 2015 Index of Economic Freedom. Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity, The Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/book/highlights.pdf (acccessed: 11.10.2021).
Miller, T., Kim, A.B., Roberts, J.M., Tyrrell, P. (2020), Highlights of the 2020 Index of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2020/book/2020_IndexofEconomicFreedom_Highlights.pdf (acccessed: 11.10.2021).
Molnar, M. (2001), Concise History of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, New York.
NATO (2022), Member countries, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm (accessed: 15.04.2022).
North, D.C., Wallis, J.J., Weingast, B.R. (2009), Violence and Social Orders. A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575839
Pacześniak, A. (2014), Promocja demokracji i praworządności, [in:] A. Florczak, A. Lisowska, (eds.) Organizacje międzynarodowe w działaniu, Agencja Reklamowa OTO, Wrocław, pp. 227–243.
Petrova, T., Pospieszna, P. (2021), Democracy Promotion in Times of Autocratization: The Case of Poland, 1989–2019, “Post‑Soviet Affairs”, 37 (6), pp. 526–543, https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1975443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1975443
Piątkowski, M. (2018), Europe’s Growth Champion. Insights from the Economic Rise of Poland, Oxford University Press, New York.
POLVAL1 (n.d.), The Elections to the Polish Parliament (Sejm) 1919–1947, https://web.archive.org/web/20110720181318/http://www.elisanet.fi/daglarsson/dokumentit/polval1.htm#26.1.1919 (accessed: 15.06.2022).
Puffert, D.J. (2002), Path Dependence in Spatial Networks: The Standarization of Railway Track Gauge, “Explorations in Economic History”, 39 (3), pp. 282–314, https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2002.0786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2002.0786
Ramet, S.P. (ed.) (2020), Interwar East Central Europe, 1918–1941. The Failure of Democracy‑building, the Fate of Minorities, Routledge, New York, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027222
Rummel, R. (1994), Death by Government, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
Sachs, J. (1993), Poland’s Jump to the Market Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5430.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5430.001.0001
Schweickert, R., Ahlborn, M., Frank, K., Orosz, Á., Sikulová, I., Szanyi, M. (2013), Large‑Scale Transformation of Socio‑Economic Institutions – Comparative Case Studies on CEECs. Interim Report, “Working Paper”, No. 16, European Commisssion.
Skodlarski, J. (2012), Historia gospodarcza, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Szczepański, J., Kalina, P. (2019), The Road to Autocratization? Redefining Democracy in Poland, “Studia Europejskie”, 23 (3), pp. 121–132.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015), Democracy Index 2015. Democracy in an age of anxiety, https://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/EIU‑Democracy‑Index-2015.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2021).
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2020), Democracy Index 2020. In sickness and in health?, https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/democracy-index-2020.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2021).
The World in 2007. Democracy Index (2007), https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2021).
V‑Dem Institute (2021), Autocratization Turns Viral. Democray Report 2021, https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/files/dr/dr_2021.pdf (acccessed: 15.06.2022).
Valentino, B. (2004), Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Vásquez, I., McMahon, F. (2020), The Human Freedom Index 2020. A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, Cato Institute and the Fraser Institute, Washington–Vancouver, https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/2021-03/human-freedom-index-2020.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2021).
Wikipedia (n.d.), 1920 Hungarian parliamentary election, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Hungarian_parliamentary_election (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Wikipedia (n.d.), Category: Parliamentary elections in Bulgaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parliamentary_elections_in_Bulgaria (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Wikipedia (n.d.), Democracy Index, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index (accessed: 15.04.2022).
Wikipedia (n.d.), Elections in Czechoslovakia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Czechoslovakia (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Wikipedia (n.d.), Elections in Romania, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Romania (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Wikipedia (n.d.), Wybory parlamentarne w II Rzeczypospolitej, https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_parlamentarne_w_II_Rzeczypospolitej (accessed: 15.01.2022).
World Justice Project (2015), WJP Rule of Law Index 2015 Report, https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/publications/rule-law-index-reports/wjp-rule-law-index-2015-report (accessed: 15.04.2022).
World Justice Project (2020), World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® 2020, https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-ROLI-2020-Online_0.pdf (acccessed: 15.04.2022).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
