Social construction of drug policies and target populations: U.S. Policy and media discourse

Jonathan Langner; Anna Zajicek

doi:10.18778/0208-600X.62.04

Autor

Jonathan Langner Public Policy Ph.D. Program, Graduate School, University of Arkansas
Anna Zajicek Public Policy Ph.D. Program, Graduate School, University of Arkansas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-600X.62.04

Słowa kluczowe:

polityka antynarkotykowa, wojna narkotykowa, marihuana, dyskurs medialny

Abstrakt

W artykule omawiamy historyczne zmiany w dyskursie dotyczącym amerykańskiej polityki antynarkotykowej, instytucjonalnego rasizmu oraz to, jak konstruowane są społecznie w dyskursie medialnym docelowe populacje. Naszą intencją nie jest ukazanie związku przyczynowo-skutkowego; wykorzystujemy perspektywę społecznego konstruktywizmu w zakresie produkcji znaczeń i „formułowania prawd” w celu zbadania związków między przekazem mediów informacyjnych a polityką antynarkotykową. Na początku omówione zostały problemy: masowego więziennictwa, wojny narkotykowej (war on drugs) i instytucjonalnego rasizmu. W dalszej części prezentujemy fragment aktualnych badań z obszaru socjologii i kryminologii dotyczących polityki antynarkotykowej, kwestii rasowych i dyskursu medialnego. Następnie skupiamy się na najbardziej aktualnych i widocznych formach polityki antynarkotykowej i dyskursu medialnego – dyskursu wokół używania marihuany, z uwzględnieniem najbardziej aktualnych trendów w jego obrębie. W konkluzji wskazujemy na możliwe kierunki badań dotyczących polityki antynarkotykowej i dyskursu medialnego, które mogłyby wypełnić istniejącą w tym obszarze lukę oraz pomóc w zrozumieniu dyskursu odnoszącego się do problematyki narkotykowej oraz sposobu społecznej konstrukcji adresatów wspomnianych polityk.

Bibliografia

Alexander M. (2011), The New Jim Crow, “Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law”, no. 9(1), pp. 7–26

Altheide D. L. (2006), Terrorism and the Politics of Fear, “Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies”, no. 6(4), pp. 415–439

Amundson K., Zajicek A. M., Hunt V. H. (2014), Pathologies of the poor: What do the war on drugs and welfare reform have in common, “Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare”, no. 41(1), pp. 5–28

Baker D., Pryce G., Giovannoni G., Thompson A. J. (2003), The therapeutic potential of cannabis, “The Lancet Neurology”, no. 2(5), pp. 291–298

Becker H. S. (1963), Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance, The Free Press, New York

Beckett K. (1994), Setting the public agenda:“Street crime” and drug use in American politics, “Social Problems”, no. 41(3), pp. 425–447

Beckett K., Nyrop K., Pfingst L., Bowen M. (2005), Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle, “Social Problems”, no. 52(3), pp. 419–441

Beckett K., Sasson T. (2003), The Politics of Injustice: Crime and punishment in America, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks

Bender S. W. (2013), Joint Reform: The Interplay of State, Federal, and Hemispheric Regulation of Recreational Marijuana and the Failed War on Drugs, “Albany Government Law Review”, no. 6(1), pp. 359–396

Best J. (2002), Review Essay: Constructing the Sociology of Social Problems: Spector and Kitsuse Twenty-Five Years Later, “Sociological Forum”, vol. 17, no. 4 (December), Springer, Netherlands, pp. 699–706

Blumstein A. (2015), Racial Disproportionality in Prison, [in:] R. Bangs, L. Davis (eds.), Race and Social Problems, Springer, New York, pp. 187–193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0863-9_12

Califano J. (2010), June 18, Tackling America’s drug addiction, NPR – All Things Considered, retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127937271 [31st December 2017]

Carson E. A. (2015), Prisoners in 2014, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington

Chermak S. (1997), The Presentation of Drugs in the News Media: The news sources involved in the construction of social problems, “Justice Quarterly”, no. 14(4), pp. 687–718

Chilcote A. (2017), States Keep Saying Yes to Marijuana Use. Now Comes the Federal, “The New York Times”, July 15, retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/15/us/politics/marijuana-laws-state-federal.html [31st December 2017]

Fischer F. (2003), Reframing public policy: Discursive politics and deliberative practices, Oxford University Press

Fossier A. E. (1931), The Marihuana Menace, “New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal”, no. 84 (July), p. 247

Garland D. (2001), The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226190174.001.0001

Garland D. (2016), Introduction: The meaning of mass imprisonment, “Punishment & Society“, no. 3(1), pp. 5–7

Gelders D., Patesson R., Vandoninck S., Steinberg P., Van Malderen S., Nicaise P., Vander Laenen F. (2009), The influence of warning messages on the public’s perception of substance use: A theoretical framework, “Government Information Quarterly”, no. 26(2), pp. 349–357

Gibbons J., Lukowski A., Walker W. (2005), Exposure increases the believability of unbelievable news headlines via elaborate cognitive processing, “Media Psychology”, no. 7(3), pp. 273–300

Glasser I. (1999), American Drug Laws: The New Jim Crow, “Albany Law Review”, no. 63, p. 703

Goode E. (1969), Marijuana and the politics of reality, “Journal of Health and Social Behavior”, no. 10(2), pp. 83–94

Grusky D., Szelényi S. (eds.) (2011), The inequality reader: Contemporary and foundational readings in race, class, and gender, Westview Press

Haney López I. (2000), Institutional Racism: Judicial Conduct and a New Theory of Racial Discrimination, “Yale Law Review”, no. 109, pp. 1717–1884

Harris R., Sanborn F. (2013), A cognitive psychology of mass communication, Routledge, New York DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203110904

Hartman D. M., Golub A. (1999), The social construction of the crack epidemic in the print media, “Journal of Psychoactive Drugs”, no. 31(4), pp. 423–433

Hawdon J. E. (2001), The role of presidential rhetoric in the creation of a moral panic: Reagan, Bush, and the war on drugs, “Deviant Behavior”, no. 22(5), pp. 419–445

Hawes T. (2015), The relationship between the passing and repeal of the prohibition of alcohol and the passing of prohibition of marijuana and the movement to legalize marijuana, Humboldt State University

Himmelstein J. L. (1983), The strange career of marihuana: politics and ideology of drug control in America, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.

Kitsuse J., Spector M. (1975), Social problems and deviance: Some parallel issues, “Social Problems”, no. 22(5), pp. 584–594

Koski P. R., Eckberg D. L. (1983), Bureaucratic legitimation: Marihuana and the Drug Enforcement Administration, “Sociological Focus”, no. 16(4), pp. 255–273

Lancaster K., Hughes C., Spicer B., Matthew-Simmons F., Dillon P. (2011), Illicit drugs and the media: Models of media effects for use in drug policy research, “Drug and Alcohol Review”, no. 30(4), pp. 397–402

Lee M. A. (2012), Smoke signals: A social history of Marijuana-Medical, Recreational and Scientific, Simon and Schuster

Malizia S. (2013), Sinners, Saints and Sophists: Marijuana Discourse and Policy in the United States, 1970–2010, University of California, Irvine

Massey D. (2007), Categorically unequal: The American stratification system, Russell Sage Foundation

Mauer M., King R. S. (2007), A 25-year quagmire: The war on drugs and its impact on American society, Sentencing Project

McGinty E. E., Samples H., Bandara S. N., Saloner B., Bachhuber M. A., Barry C. L. (2016), The emerging public discourse on state legalization of marijuana for recreational use in the US: Analysis of news media coverage, 2010–2014, “Preventive Medicine”, no. 90, pp. 114–120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.040

Mills C. (1958), The structure of power in American society, “The British Journal of Sociology”, no. 9(1), pp. 29–41

Mills C. (1963), Power, politics, and people: The collected essays of C. Wright Mills, Oxford University Press, USA

Musto D. F. (1999), The American disease: Origins of narcotic control, Oxford University Press

Nunn K. (2002). Race, Crime and the Pool of Surplus Criminality: Or Why the War on Drugs Was a War on Blacks, “Journal of Gender Race & Justice”, no. 6, p. 381

Provine D. M. (2008), Unequal under law: Race in the war on drugs, University of Chicago Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226684789.001.0001

Reinarman C., Levine H. (1995), The crack attack: America’s latest drug scare, 1986–1992, [in:] J. Best (eds.), Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, Adline Transaction, New Brunswick, U.S., pp. 147–190

Rochefort D., Cobb R. (1994), The politics of problem definition: Shaping the policy agenda, University of Kansas, Kansas

Schattschneider E. (1975), The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America

Spector M., Kitsuse J. (1973), Social problems: A re-formulation, “Social Problems”, no. 21(2), pp. 145–159

Swift A. (2016), Support for Legal Marijuana Use Up to 60% in U.S., Gallup: social issues, October 19, retrieved from: http://www.gallup.com/poll/196550/support-legal-marijuana [31st December 2017]

U.S. Census (2015), Quick facts: United States, retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/00 [31st December 2017]

Western B. (2006), Punishment and Inequality in America, Russell Sage Foundation

Whitford A. B., Yates J. (2009), Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda: Constructing the war on drugs, JHU Press

Willard M. O. (2003), The Law & Order Presidency

Young F. (1988), In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition, [Docket #86-22], (September 6), US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration