Piłka nożna jako inwestycja alternatywna: szanse, wyzwania i rola wieloklubowej własności
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.374.05Słowa kluczowe:
inwestycje w piłkę nożną, aktywa alternatywne, wieloklubowa własność (MCO), finase w sporcieAbstrakt
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zawodowej piłki nożnej jako formy inwestycji alternatywnej, z uwzględnieniem zarówno potencjalnych korzyści, jak i wyzwań na globalnym rynku sportowym. Opracowanie ma charakter przeglądowy i opiera się na syntezie najnowszych publikacji naukowych, raportów branżowych oraz danych dotyczących wyceny klubów. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona strukturom własnościowym, a zwłaszcza modelowi multi-club ownership (MCO), który coraz wyraźniej wpisuje się w krajobraz inwestycji alternatywnych. Wyniki pokazują, że inwestycje w piłkę nożną generują wartość zarówno poprzez mechanizmy finansowe (prawa medialne, sponsoring, aprecjacja kapitału), jak i poprzez aktywa niematerialne, takie jak siła marki, zaangażowanie kibiców czy systemy rozwoju talentów. Dane empiryczne wskazują, że w ostatnich latach wzrost wyceny klubów piłkarskich przewyższał główne indeksy giełdowe, co potwierdza odporność sektora nawet w okresach niestabilności gospodarczej. Jednocześnie ekspansja sieci MCO rodzi istotne pytania dotyczące ładu korporacyjnego, integralności rozgrywek oraz tożsamości lokalnych społeczności. Artykuł wskazuje, że piłka nożna stanowi szczególny typ inwestycji alternatywnej: oferuje atrakcyjną dywersyfikację i perspektywy wzrostu, ale zarazem wiąże się z wyzwaniami strukturalnymi i regulacyjnymi, które determinują jej długoterminową trwałość.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Alencar M. (2023), Who owns Manchester City? How much did Sheikh Mansour pay?, https://www.cityam.com/who-owns-manchester-city-now-how-much-did-sheikh-mansour-pay-thaksin-shinawatra-in-2008/ [accessed: 26.01.2024].
Ambille I. (2021), Red Bull Football Teams Around The World, Investment & Philosophy, https://sportstrippy.com/red-bull-football-teams-around-the-world-investment-philosophy/ [accessed: 8.02.2022].
Anagnostou M., Manoli A.E. (2024), Re-Conceptualising Multi-Club Ownership in Football: A New Definition and Typology of MCO, [in:] S. Chadwick, P. Widdop, M.M. Goldman (eds.), The Geopolitical Economy of Football, Routledge, London, pp. 135–143, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003473671-19
Andreff W., Szymanski S. (2006), Handbook on the Economics of Sport, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham–Northampton, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847204073
Barney J. (1991), Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, “Journal of Management”, vol. 17(1), pp. 99–120, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Begenau J., Liang P., Siriwardane E. (2024), The Rise of Alternatives, “SSRN Electronic Journal”, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4940886
Beránek Z. (2024), Regulatory challenges of Multi-Club Ownership (MCO) in Football, https://blog.peterkapartners.com/regulatory-challenges-of-multi-club-ownership-mco-in-football/ [accessed: 5.02.2025].
Breuer M. (2018), Multi-club Ownerships, [in:] M. Breuer, D. Forrest (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 115–134, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77389-6_7
Breuer M. (2024), Multi-club Ownership, [in:] The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63581-6_6
Chadwick S., Widdop P., Goldman M.M. (2025), The Geopolitical Economy of Football. Where Power Meets Politics and Business, Routledge, London.
Chambers D.R., Black K.H., Lacey N.J. (2018), Alternative Investments: A Primer for Investment, CFA Institute Research Foundation, https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/sites/default/files/-/media/documents/book/rf-publication/2018/rf-v2018-n1-1.pdf [accessed: 5.02.2025].
Cocieru O.C., Delia E.B., Katz M. (2019), It’s our club! From supporter psychological ownership to supporter formal ownership, “Sport Management Review”, vol. 22(3), pp. 322–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMR.2018.04.005
Deloitte (2024), Deloitte Football Money League 2024, https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en/services/consulting-financial/analysis/deloitte-football-money-league-2024.html [accessed: 16.02.2024].
Deloitte (2025), Deloitte Football Money League 2025, https://www.deloitte.com/tr/en/Industries/tmt/perspectives/deloitte-football-money-league-2025.html [accessed: 28.07.2025].
ECA (2020), COVID-19 Financial Impacts on European Clubs, https://www.sennferrero.com/descargaspdf/asuntos-de-interes/202007/eca_covid-19-financial-impact-on-european-clubs.pdf [accessed: 28.07.2025].
Esparcia C., Díaz A. (2024), The football world upside down: Traditional equities as an alternative for the new fan tokens? A portfolio optimization study, “Research in International Business and Finance”, vol. 71, 102496, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIBAF.2024.102496
Foglia M., Maci G., Pacelli V. (2024), FinTech and fan tokens: Understanding the risks spillover of digital asset investment, “Research in International Business and Finance”, vol. 68, 102190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.102190
Hammerschmidt J., Durst S., Kraus S., Puumalainen K. (2021), Professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the COVID-19 crisis: Time for sport entrepreneurship?, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change”, vol. 165, 120572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120572
Hernández-Hernández J.A., Londoño-Pineda A., Ng-Henao R., Macías-Franco J.L., Cano J.A. (2025), Balancing economic and social results in football clubs: evidence of fans’ perceptions in the Colombian context, “Frontiers in Sports and Active Living”, vol. 7, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1541829
Jarosz O., Kornakov K., Soderman S. (2018), Club management guide, European Club Association, Geneva.
Kirsch B., Sauer T., Zülch H. (2024), Decrypting the specifics of professional football club investments: Why? What? How? An integrative review, “Sport, Business and Management”, vol. 14(2), pp. 136–168, https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2022-0095
KPMG (2020), The European Elite 2020. Football Clubs’ Valuation, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/it/pdf/2020/05/KPMG-Football-Clubs-Valuation-2020.pdf [accessed: 5.02.2025].
LTT Sports (2024), Pitchside Monitor, https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/pitchside-monitor-6982779219558723585/ [accessed: 5.02.2025].
Martín-Magdalena J., De los Ríos-Sastrea S., Redondoa R., Alaminosb D. (2024), Effectiveness of UEFA’s regulation for European football financial management: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, “Heliyon”, vol. 10(20), e39151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39151
Menary S. (2021), Multi-club ownership in football challenges governance at many levels, https://www.playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2021/0673_multi-club-ownership-in-football-challenges-governance-at-many-levels/ [accessed: 5.02.2022].
Nabli M.A., Hamdi H., Ben Slimane I. (2025), Modelling systematic risk in the European football sector: Evidence from listed clubs and market indices, “International Review of Economics and Finance”, vol. 104, 104702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104702
Ozanian M., Teitelbaum J. (2022), The World’s 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2022/09/08/the-worlds-50-most-valuable-sports-teams-2022/?sh=4dcb8b92385c [accessed: 4.01.2023].
Ozanian M., Teitelbaum J. (2023), The World’s 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2023/09/08/the-worlds-50-most-valuable-sports-teams-2023/?sh=2cf14bd42b44 [accessed: 5.10.2023].
Palomino F., Renneboog L., Zhang C. (2009), Information salience, investor sentiment, and stock returns: The case of British soccer betting, “Journal of Corporate Finance”, vol. 15(3), pp. 368–387, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCORPFIN.2008.12.001
Pedersen N., Page S., He F. (2014), Asset Allocation: Risk Models for Alternative Investments, “Financial Analysts Journal”, vol. 70(3), pp. 34–45, https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v70.n3.4
Populous (2024), Strength in Numbers: Advantages of Multi-Club Ownership in Sport, https://populous.com/article/strength-in-numbers-advantages-of-multi-club-ownership-in-sport [accessed: 12.01.2025].
Prigge S., Tegtmeier L. (2020), Football stocks: a new asset class attractive to institutional investors? Empirical results and impulses for researching investor motivations beyond return, “Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal”, vol. 10(4), pp. 471–494, https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-07-2019-0063
Quansah T.K., Breuer C. (2025), Multi-club ownerships (MCOs): a critical analysis of transfer dynamics and sports integrity, “European Sport Management Quarterly”, vol. 26(6), pp. 1009–1032, https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2025.2474581
Rohde M., Breuer C. (2018), Competing by investments or efficiency? Exploring financial and sporting efficiency of club ownership structures in European football, “Sport Management Review”, vol. 21(5), pp. 563–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMR.2018.01.001
Sánchez L.C., Barajas Á., Sanchez-Fernandez P. (2020), Profits may lead teams to lose matches, but scoring goals does not lead to profit, “European Research on Management and Business Economics”, vol. 26(1), pp. 26–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.007
Shank M., Lyberger M. (2022), Sports Marketing, Routledge, London.
Sznajder A. (2021), Marketing sportu 2.0 w erze cyfrowej, Wydawnictwo Nieoczywiste, Warszawa.
Szymanski S. (2010), The comparative economics of sport, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Teitelbaum J., Knight B. (2025), The World’s Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2025, https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinteitelbaum/2025/05/30/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com [accessed: 30.09.2025].
Trequattrini R., Lacchini M., Bianchi M.T., Schimperna M. (2025), Managing complexity by business networks: the case of multi-club ownership in professional football, “Management Decision”, https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2023-2438
UEFA (2023), The European Club Footballing Landscape, https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/027e-174740f39cc6-d205dd2e86bf-1000/ecfl_bm_report_2022_high_resolution_pdf [accessed: 30.09.2025].
UEFA (2024), Record revenue highlighted in new-look UEFA Club Finance and Investment Landscape Report, https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/028a-1a2fad734da9-ea895f3058dc-1000--record-revenue-highlighted-in-new-look-uefa-club-finance-a/ [accessed: 30.09.2025].





