Sport and Entertainment Facilities in the Land of Israel and in the Graeco-Roman World
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.26.06Abstract
Wpływy kultury klasycznej obserwujemy na terytorium starożytnego Izraela już w VI w. p.n.e., lecz dopiero w okresie hellenistycznym, kiedy to obszary te stanowiły część monarchii Ptolemeuszy, a potem Seleukidów, wpływy te są lepiej dostrzegalne. Są one wyraźne w strefie nadbrzeżnej, mniej silne – na terenach śródlądowych. Proces helenizacji najwyraźniej uzależniony był od faktorów socjoekonomicznych. W pewnych okresach władza wspierała miejski styl życia, lecz – jak wskazują dane z okresu Seleukidów i panowania Heroda Wielkiego – działania te nie były łatwe.
Natomiast w okresie II i III w. n.e. życie miejskie jest sposobem życia preferowanym przez większość obywateli. Pax Romana wprowadził prosperitę ekonomiczną, otwarte granice umożliwiły przepływ ludności. Imperium było rządzone przez kompetentną administrację, która wprowadzała zasadę jedności kulturowej. Rozmaite formy ludyczne były ważną częścią programu na polu kultury, a w Izraelu nie było chyba miasta, które nie posiadałoby chociaż jednego obiektu służącego temu celowi. W wielu miastach oprócz teatru znajdował się amfiteatr i cyrk.
Fundacja takich budowli w okresie Drugiej Świątyni, a głównie Miszny i Talmudu (III–V w. n.e.), sprawiła, że wydarzenia teatralne, wyścigi rydwanów, a także w mniejszym stopniu munera i venationes stały się powszechnie dostępne. Wystąpienia przeciwko takim rozrywkom w literaturze talmudycznej i w pismach Ojców Kościoła wskazują na to, że mieszkańcy miast byli głęboko zaangażowani w tego typu rozrywkę. Widowiska mimiczne, szczególnie pantonima, spektakle na wodzie, jak i wyścigi rydwanów były wysoce popularne wśród pogan, chrześcijan i żydów.
Te formy prostej, spontanicznej rozrywki wiernie odzwierciedlają potrzeby kulturalne głównie miejskiej ludności omawianych okresów.
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