Baldwin z Boulogne w opinii Anny Komneny na kartach "Aleksjady"

Tomasz Pełech

doi:10.18778/1644-857X.20.01.04

Authors

Tomasz Pełech Uniwersytet Warszawski; Université Clermont-Auvergne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3722-568X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1644-857X.20.01.04

Keywords:

Baldwin of Boulogne, „Alexiad”, Anna Komnene, Crusades, Middle Ages

Abstract

The article takes up the issue of Anna Komnene’s opinion of Baldwin of Boulogne in her Alexiad. The daughter of Alexius I represents the Byzantine view of the world, in which the Latins began to play an increasingly greater and more visible role at the end of the 11th c., especially in connection with the crusade movement that began to emerge from 1095. It turned out to be important to involve the Frankish states established in Outremer into the orbit of imperial politics. Baldwin of Boulogne, Count of Edessa from 1097, who in 1100 was crowned the first Latin king of Jerusalem, did not escape Byzantine attention. Baldwin of Boulogne appears four times in Alexiad, giving the opportunity to formulate the opinion about him on the pages of the work. The article presents the thesis that Anna Komnene does not present him as a leading figure in her work. Baldwin of Boulogne plays a rather modest and marginal role, whether related to narrative needs or in connection with the Byzantine political efforts to regain Antioch from the hands of the Normans. This suggests that from the point of view of Constantinople, he was not a particularly important player on the political scene, both during the First Crusade and even after his election as king of Jerusalem. Baldwin emerges from the pages of Alexiad as a character with two faces: on the one hand, he is a confident, energetic commander, characterized by cunning and broader strategic thinking, and on the other hand, he is a greedy barbarian, suffering military defeats. Therefore, Baldwin’s presentation does not differ significantly from the general image of Latins in the Byzantine Empire in the 12th c.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Tomasz Pełech, Uniwersytet Warszawski; Université Clermont-Auvergne

Dr Tomasz Pełech – absolwent Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego oraz Université Clermont-Auvergne. W ramach programu cotutelle przygotował i w 2020 r. obronił z wyróżnieniem pracę doktorską pt. Shaping the Image of Enemy-Infidel in the Relations of Eyewitnesses and Participants of the First Crusade: The Case of Muslims (promotorzy: prof. prof. Stanisław Rosik, Jean-Luc Fray i Damien Carraz).

Zainteresowania naukowe: wyprawy krzyżowe, Bizancjum oraz literatura i umysłowość ludzi średniowiecza.

References

Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey to Jerusalem, ed. and transl. S.B. Edgington, Oxford 2007.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199204861.book.1

An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh (Kitab al-I’tibar), transl. P.K. Hitti, New York 1929 [przedruk 2000].
Google Scholar

Anna Komnena, Aleksjada, przekł. O. Jurewicz, t. I–II, Wrocław–Warszawa 2005.
Google Scholar

Annae Comnenae Alexias, eds D.R. Reinsch, A. Kambylis, vol. I–II, Berolini–Novi Eboraci 2001.
Google Scholar

Anonymi Synopsis Chronike, ed. K. Sathas, Paris 1894 [przedruk: Athens 1972].
Google Scholar

Dölger F., Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, Bd. II (Regesten von 1025–1204), Berlin–München 1925 [bearbeitet von Peter Wirth, München 1995].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783486751024

Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127), ed. H. Hagenmeyer, Heidelberg 1913.
Google Scholar

Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. H. Hagenmeyer, Heidelberg 1890.
Google Scholar

Guillelmi Archiepiscopi Tyrensis Chronicon, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Turnhout 1986.
Google Scholar

Ibn al-Asir, Extrait de la chronique intitulée Kamel-Altevarykh par Ibn-Alatyr, [w:] Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens orientaux, t. I, Paris 1872, s. 187–744.
Google Scholar

Ioannis Cinnami Epitome: Rerum ab Ioannes et Alexio [sic recte Michaele]. Comnenis Gestarum, ed. A. Meineke, Bonnae 1836.
Google Scholar

Ioannis Zonarae Epitome historiarum libri XIII–XVIII, ed. Th. Büttner–Wobst, Bonnae 1897.
Google Scholar

Kamal al-Din, Extraits de la chronique d’Alep, [w:] Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens orientaux, t. III, Paris 1884, s. 577–690.
Google Scholar

Korespondencja arcybiskupa Teofylakta Ochrydzkiego, [w:] Testimonia najdawniejszych dziejów Słowian. Seria grecka, z. 4 (Pisarze z VIII–XII wieku), wyd. A. Brzóstkowska, W. Swoboda, Warszawa 1997, s. 181–292.
Google Scholar

Le „Liber” de Raymond d’Aguilers, eds J.H. Hill, L.L. Hill, Paris 1969.
Google Scholar

Matthew of Edessa, Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, transl. A.E. Dostourian, Lanham–New York–London 1993.
Google Scholar

Michaelis Glycae Annales, ed. I. Bekker, Bonnae 1836.
Google Scholar

Nicetae Choniatae Historia, ed. J.-L. van Dieten, Berolini–Novi Eboraci 1975.
Google Scholar

Piotr Tudebod, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, eds J.H. Hill, L.L. Hill, Paris 1977.
Google Scholar

The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, New York 1932 [przedruk 2014].
Google Scholar

Theodori Prodromi Scripta Miscellanea, [w:] Patrologia Graeca, vol. CXXXIII, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris 1864, col. 1344–1350.
Google Scholar

Ahrweiler H., Byzantine Concepts of the Foreigner: The case of the Nomads, [w:] Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, eds H. Ahrweiler, A. Laiou, Dumbarton Oaks 1998, s. 1–15.
Google Scholar

Albu E., Bohemond and the Rooster: Byzantines, Normans, and the Artful Ruse, [w:] Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, London–New York 2000, s. 157–168.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203765234-8

Amouroux-Mourad M., Le Comté d’Édesse (1098–1150), Paris 1988.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifpo.6477

Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, London–New York 2000.
Google Scholar

Brett M., The Battles of Ramla (1099–1105), [w:] Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras. Proceedings of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd international colloquium organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1992, 1993, and 1994, eds U. Vermeulen, D. De Smet, K. d’Hulster, Leuven 1995, s. 17–39.
Google Scholar

Browning R., An unpublished funeral oration on Anna Comnena, [w:] Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence, ed. R. Sorabji, London 1990, s. 393–406.
Google Scholar

Buckler G., Anna Comnena. A Study, London 1929.
Google Scholar

Buckley P., The Alexiad of Anna Komnene: Artistic Strategy in the Making of a Myth, Cambridge 2014.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139583879

Dudek J., Postawa arystokracji bizantyjskiej wobec idei krucjat w drugiej połowie XI wieku, [w:] Rycerstwo Europy środkowo-wschodniej wobec idei krucjat, red. W. Peltz, J. Dudek, Zielona Góra 2002, s. 139–158.
Google Scholar

Edgington S.B., Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 1100–1118, Abingdon–New York 2019.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315568645

Ferdinandi S., La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098–1150), Rome 2017.
Google Scholar

Ferrier L., La couronne refusée de Godefroy de Bouillon: eschatologie et humiliation de la majesté au premier temps du royaume latin de Jérusalem, [w:] Le concile de Clermont de 1095 et l’appel à la croisade. Actes du Colloque Universitaire International de Clermont-Ferrand (23–25 juin 1995), Rome 1997, s. 245–265.
Google Scholar

Flori J., Bohémond d’Antioche: Chevalier d’aventure, Paris 2007.
Google Scholar

France J., Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade, „Reading Medieval Studies” 1984, vol. X, s. 20–38.
Google Scholar

France J., The Election and Title of Godfrey de Bouillon, „Canadian Journal of History” 1983, vol. XVIII, No. 3, s. 321–329.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cjh.18.3.321

Frankopan P., Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade, [w:] Gendering the Crusades, eds S.B. Edgington, S. Lambert, Cardiff 2001, s. 59–76.
Google Scholar

Gautier P., L’obituaire du typikon du Pantokrator, „Revue des études byzantines” 1969, t. XXVII, no. 1, s. 235–262.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1969.1423

Hagenmeyer H., Chronologie de la première croisade (1094–1100), Paris 1902.
Google Scholar

Hermans J., The Byzantine View of the Normans – Another Norman Myth?, „Anglo- -Norman Studies” 1979, vol. II, s. 78–92.
Google Scholar

Hill J.H., Hill L.L., The Convention of Alexius Comnenus and Raymond of Saint Gilles, „The American Historical Review” 1953, vol. LVIII, No. 2, s. 322–327.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1842194

Howard-Johnston J., Anna Komnene and the Alexiad, [w:] Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, London–New York 2000, s. 232–302.
Google Scholar

Kambylis A., Zum Programm der byzantinischen Historikerin Anna Komnene, [w:] Dorema: Hans Diller zum 70. Geburtstag: Dauer und Überleben des antiken Geistes, hrsg. K. Vourveres, A.D. Skiadas, Athens 1975, s. 127–146.
Google Scholar

Kazhdan A., Latins and Franks in Byzantium: Perception and Reality from the Eleventh to the Twelfth Century, [w:] The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, eds A. Laiou, R.P. Mottahedeh, Washington, D.C. 2001, s. 83–100.
Google Scholar

Kokoszko M., Kanon portretowania w historiografii bizantyńskiej na przykładzie portretu Boemunda w „Aleksjadzie” Anny Komneny, „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica” 2000, z. 67, s. 59–73.
Google Scholar

Kolovou I., Anna Komnene and the Alexiad: The Byzantine Princess and the First Crusade, Barnsley 2020.
Google Scholar

Lechner K., Hellenen und Barbaren im Weltbild der Byzantiner, München 1955.
Google Scholar

Lilie R.-J., Anna Komnene und die Lateiner, „Byzantinoslavica” 1993, t. LIV, s. 169–182.
Google Scholar

Loud G.A., Anna Komnena and her Sources for the Normans of Southern Italy, [w:] Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages. Essays Presented to John Taylor, eds G.A. Loud, I.N. Wood, London 1991, s. 41–57.
Google Scholar

Macrides R., The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the Alexiad?, [w:] Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, London–New York 2000, s. 63–81.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203765234-4

Mayer H.E., Études sur l’histoire de Baudouin Ier, roi de Jérusalem, [w:] Mélanges sur l’histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem (Mémoires de l’Académie des inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Nouvelle série 5), Paris 1984, s. 10–91.
Google Scholar

McQueen W.B., Relations between the Normans and Byzantium, 1071–1112, „Byzantion” 1986, vol. LVI, s. 427–476.
Google Scholar

Mesko M., Boje Byzancie s Pecenehmi o Trakiu v rokoch 1088 az 1091, „Vojenska Historia” 2007, t. I, s. 3–27.
Google Scholar

Murray A.V., Daimbert of Pisa, the Domus Godefridi and the Accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem, [w:] Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies 1095–1500, ed. A.V. Murray, Turnhout 1998, s. 81–102.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.4781

Murray A.V., The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade, „Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire” 1992, t. LXX, no. 2, s. 301–329.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.1992.3824

Murray A.V., The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099–1125, Oxford 2000.
Google Scholar

Murray A.V., The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem, „Collegium Medievale” 1990, vol. III, s. 163–167.
Google Scholar

Neville L., Anna Komnene: The Life and Work of a Medieval Historian, Oxford 2016.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190498177.001.0001

Neville L., Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The “Material for History” of Nikephoros Bryennios, Cambridge 2012.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511933967

Papageorgiou A., The political ideology of John II Komnenos, [w:] John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son, ed. A. Bucosssi, A.R. Suarez, Abingdon–New York 2016, s. 37–52.
Google Scholar

Papaioannou S., Anna Komnene’s Will, [w:] Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice-Mary Talbot, eds D. Sullivan, E. Fisher, S. Papaioannou, Leiden–Boston 2012, s. 99–124.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226494_007

Pełech T., Obraz „obcego” w Aleksjadzie Anny Komneny. Przypadek Normanów, Wrocław 2016.
Google Scholar

Reinsch D.R., Women’s Literature in Byzantium? The Case of Anna Komnene, [w:] Anna Komnene and Her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, London–New York 2000, s. 83–105.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203765234-5

Ricoeur P., Język, tekst, interpretacja. Wybór pism, przekł. P. Graff, K. Rosner, Warszawa 1989.
Google Scholar

Riley-Smith J., The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon, „Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research” 1979, vol. LII, No. 125, s. 83–86.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.1979.tb02085.x

Rösch G., Der „Kreuzzug” Bohemundus gegen Dyrrachion 1107/1108 in der leteinischen Tradition des 12. Jahrhunderts, „Römische Historische Mitteilungen” 1984, Bd. XXVI, s. 181–190.
Google Scholar

Rubenstein J., Godfrey of Bouillon Versus Raymond of Saint-Gilles: How Carolingian Kingship Trumped Millenarianism at the End of the First Crusade, [w:] The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages, eds M. Gabriele, J. Stuckey, New York 2008, s. 59–75.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230615441_4

Runciman S., Dzieje wypraw krzyżowych, t. II (Królestwo Jerozolimskie i frankijski Wschód 1100–1187), przekł. J. Schwakopf, Katowice 2009.
Google Scholar

Russo L., Boemondo. Figlio di Guiscardo e principe di Antiochia, Avellino 2009.
Google Scholar

Shepard J., When Greek meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemond in 1097–98, „Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies” 1988, vol. XII, s. 185–278.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/byz.1988.12.1.185

Shepard J., „Father” or „scorpion”? Style and substance in Alexios’s diplomacy, [w:] Alexios I Komnenos: Papers of the second Belfast Byzantine International Colloquium, 14–16 April 1989, eds M. Mullet, D. Smythe, Belfast 1996, s. 68–132.
Google Scholar

Shepard J., Cross-Purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade, [w:] The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. Phillips, Manchester 1997, s. 107–129.
Google Scholar

Sinclair K., Anna Komnene and her Sources for Military Affairs in the Alexiad, „Estudios bizantinos” 2014, vol. II, s. 143–185.
Google Scholar

Stephenson P., Anna Comnena’s Alexiad as a Source for the Second Crusade? „Journal of Medieval History” 2003, vol. XXIX, s. 41–54.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(02)00056-8

Stephenson P., Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, Cambridge 2000.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496615

Stouraitis I., Conceptions of War and Peace in Anna Comnena’s Alexiad, [w:] Byzantine War Ideology between Roman Imperial Concept and Christian Religion: Akten des Internationalen Symposiums (Vienna, 19–21 Mai 2011), eds J. Koder, I. Stouraitis, Vienna 2012, s. 69–80.
Google Scholar

Strzelczyk J., „W purpurze urodzona” – Anna Komnena i Aleksjada, [w:] J. Strzelczyk, Pióro w wątłych dłoniach. O twórczości kobiet w dawnych wiekach, t. II, Warszawa 2007, s. 148–194.
Google Scholar

Tanner H.J., In his Brothers’ Shadow: The Crusading Career and Reputation of Eustace III of Boulogne, [w:] The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives, ed. K.I. Semann, Binghamton 2003, s. 83–99.
Google Scholar

Theotokis G., Bohemond of Taranto: Crusader and Conqueror, Barnsley 2020.
Google Scholar

The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, vol. I–III, ed. A. Kazhdan, Oxford–New York 1991.
Google Scholar

Thomas R.D., Anna Comnena’s account of the First Crusade, „Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies” 1991, vol. XV, s. 269–312.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/byz.1991.15.1.269

Tibble S., Crusader Armies: 1099–1187, New Haven–London 2018.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300241143

Tycner-Wolicka M., Opowieść o wizerunku z Edessy. Cesarz Konstantyn Porfirogeneta i nieuczyniony ręką wizerunek Chrystusa, Kraków 2009.
Google Scholar

Tyerman Ch., God’s War. A New History of the Crusades, London–New York 2007.
Google Scholar

Vučetić M.M., Emperor John II’s encounters with foreign rulers, [w:] John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son, ed. A. Bucosssi, A.R. Suarez, Abingdon–New York 2016, s. 71–90.
Google Scholar

Wierzbiński S., Szlachetni, odważni, dzicy? Obraz Waregów i Franków w oczach Bizantyńczyków w X–XI w., „Vox Patrum” 2018, R. LXIX, s. 647–679.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.3280