Afinia Gemina Baebiana: kilka uwag o (nie)obecnej „cesarzowej”

Wiktoria Zaborowska

doi:10.18778/1644-857X.24.02.02

Authors

Wiktoria Zaborowska University of Silesia in Katowice https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5805-3880

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1644-857X.24.02.02

Keywords:

crisis of the 3rd century, women’s roles in the Roman Empire, Roman epigraphy, Trebonianus Gallus, anonymous empresses, Etruscan origins of the elites

Abstract

Afinia Gemina Baebiana was the wife of Emperor Trebonianus Gallus and the mother of his son and co-ruler, Volusianus. Today she is know from only one inscription (CIL XI, 1927), therefore her figure appears to be largely anonymus. The Author’s aim is to bring the figure of Afinia Baebiana into focus and analyse her place in the imperial family through the lens of the social roles she fulfilled (as a wife and mother). Research indicates that Afinia Baebiana came from a family with Etruscan roots, which influenced the naming of her son, and epigraphic sources suggest that her family was connected to Perusia. The article also discusses hypotheses regarding her supposed daughter, Vibia Galla. Furthermore, the lack of sources about Afinia Baebiana after her husband’s accession to power suggests her marginalisation in imperial history. The paper attempts to characterise her figure through historical contextual analysis, providing insights not only into her but also into relationships within the imperial family and, more broadly, the position of women in the socio-political elite during the crisis of the 3^rd century of the Roman Empire.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Wiktoria Zaborowska, University of Silesia in Katowice

Mgr Wiktoria Zaborowska – doktorantka w Szkole Doktorskiej Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach.

Zainteresowania naukowe: historia starożytnej Grecji i Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, historia kobiet w starożytności, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wizerunku, roli i statusu cesarzowych rzymskich w dobie kryzysu III w.

References

AE: „L’Année Épigraphique” 1888 i nn.
Google Scholar

Aur. Vict. Caes.: Sekstus Aureliusz Wiktor, Księga o cezarach, [w:] Brewiaria dziejów rzymskich, przekł. P. Nehring, B. Bibik, Warszawa 2010, s. 55–138.
Google Scholar

CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, ed. T. Mommsen et al., Berolini 1863 i nn.
Google Scholar

EE II: Ephemeris Epigraphica: Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum Supplementum, vol. II, ed. K. Zangemeister, Berlin–Boston 1875.
Google Scholar

Epit. de Caes.: Epitome de Caesaribus. O życiu i obyczajach imperatorów od Cezara Augusta do Teodozjusza, przekł. A. Hryniewiecka, Warszawa 2015.
Google Scholar

Eutr.: Eutropiusz, Brewiarium od założenia miasta, [w:] Brewiaria dziejów rzymskich, przekł. P. Nehring, B. Bibik, Warszawa 2010, s. 139–251.
Google Scholar

ILS: Dessau H., Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, Berolini 1892 i nn.
Google Scholar

RIC II: The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. II (Vespasian to Hadrian), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London 1926.
Google Scholar

RIC III: The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. III (Antoninus Pius to Commodus), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London 1930.
Google Scholar

RIC IV, 1: The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part 1 (Pertinax to Geta), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London 1936.
Google Scholar

RIC IV, 2: The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part 2 (Macrinus to Pupienus), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London 1938.
Google Scholar

RIC IV, 3: The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part 3 (Gordian III – Uranius Antoninus), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London 1949.
Google Scholar

RIC V, 1: Webb P.H., The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. V, part 1 (Valerian–Florian), eds H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London 1927.
Google Scholar

RPC IX: Hostein A., Mairat J., Roman Provincial Coinage. From Trajan Decius to Uranius Antoninus (AD 249–254), London–Paris 2016 online 2025: http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/
Google Scholar

Zonar.: Joannis Zonarae, Epitome Historiarum, ed. L. Dindorf, Lipsiae 1870. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112423103
Google Scholar

Zos.: Zosimos, Nowa historia, przekł. H. Cichocka, Warszawa 1993.
Google Scholar

Balbuza K., Virtutes and Abstract Ideas Propagated by Marcia Otacilia Severa. Numismatic Evidence, [w:] Within the Circle of Ancient Ideas and Virtues. Studies in Honour of Professor Maria Dzielska, eds K. Twardowska et al., Kraków 2014, s. 185–196.
Google Scholar

Bauman R.A., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, London–New York 2003. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203429075
Google Scholar

Beaufay K., The Roman Public Baths of Central Italy during the Imperial Period: an Architectural Study, vol. IV (Catalogue of Inscriptions), Oxford 2020.
Google Scholar

Blois L. de, Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD. The Impact of War, London–New York 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135597
Google Scholar

Brauer G.C. Jr., The Age of the Soldier Emperors. Imperial Rome A.D. 244–284, New Jersey 1975.
Google Scholar

Briquel D., Les Étrusques, Paris 2005. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.briqu.2005.01
Google Scholar

Buonocore M., Alba Fucens in attraverso le sue iscrizioni: novita e verifiche, [w:] Le epigrafi della valle di Comino, ed. H. Solin, Alvito 2013, s. 23–39.
Google Scholar

Burns J., Introduction, [w:] J. Burns, Great Women of Imperial Rome. Mothers and Wives of the Caesars, London–New York 2007, s. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203967072
Google Scholar

Bursche A., The Battle of Abritus, the Imperial Treasury and Aurei in Barbaricum, „The Numismatic Chronicle” 2013, vol. CLXXIII, s. 151–170.
Google Scholar

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337, vol. XII, eds A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey, A. Cameron, Cambridge 2005.
Google Scholar

Ceccarelli L., The Romanization of Etruria, [w:] A Companion to the Etruscans, eds S. Bell, A.A. Carpino, Oxford 2016, s. 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118354933.ch3
Google Scholar

Chausson F., Domitia Longina: reconsidération d’un destin impérial, „Journal des savants” 2003, n° 1, s. 101–129. https://doi.org/10.3406/jds.2003.1663
Google Scholar

Christol M., L’Empire Romain du IIIe siècle. Histoire politique (de 192, mort de Commode, a 325, concile de Nicee), Paris 1997.
Google Scholar

Die Zeit der Soldaten-Kaiser. Krise und Transformation der Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr. (235–284), Bd. I–II, Hrsg. K.P. Johne, U. Hartmann, Th. Gerhardt, Berlin 2008.
Google Scholar

Diebner S., Aesernia-Venafrum: Untersuchungen zu den Römischen Steindenkmälern Zweier Landstädte Mittelitaliens, Roma 1979.
Google Scholar

Drinkwater J.F., Maximinus to Diocletian and the Crisis, [w:] The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337, vol. XII, eds A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey, A. Cameron, Cambridge 2005, s. 28–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.003
Google Scholar

Evans-Grubbs J., The Family, [w:] A Companion to the Roman Empire, ed. D.S. Potter, Malden–Oxford–Carlton 2006, s. 312–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996942.ch17
Google Scholar

Evans-Grubbs J., Women and the Law in the Roman Empire. A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood, London–New York 2002. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203442524
Google Scholar

Frézouls E., Le rôle politique des femmes dans l’Histoire Auguste, [w:] Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense, a cura di G. Bonamente, F. Paschoud, Bari 1994, s. 121–136.
Google Scholar

George M., Family Imagery and Family Values in Roman Italy, [w:] The Roman Family in the Empire. Rome, Italy, and Beyond, ed. M. George, Oxford–New York 2005, s. 37–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268412.003.02
Google Scholar

Girotti B., Cornelia Gallonia Augusta, secunda moglie di Valeriano: un contributo epigrafico ad un problema storiografico?, „Epigraphica” 2004, n° 66, s. 365–367.
Google Scholar

Grozdanova L., Emperor Trajan Decius and His Sons on the Lower-Danubian Limes (AD 249–251), [w:] Limes XXII. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Russe, Bulgaria, September 2012, Sofia 2015, s. 145–150.
Google Scholar

Grozdanova L., The Roman Emperors Against the Goths of Cniva: Political Mythology, Historical Documents, and Retrievable Reality, Sofia 2019.
Google Scholar

Grozdanova L., Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus (AD 251–253). Ruling the Empire in between the West and the East, „Ancient West and East” 2014, vol. XIII, s. 117–137.
Google Scholar

Grozdanova L., What about Herennius Etruscus?, [w:] Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography, Hrsg. F. Mitthof, G. Martin, J. Gruskova, Wien 2020, s. 235–245.
Google Scholar

Hanslik R., Vibius 58, [w:] Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. VIII, A, 2, Hrsg. K. Ziegler, Stuttgart 1958, szp. 1983–1994.
Google Scholar

Hanslik R., Vibius 71, [w:] Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. VIII, A, 2, Hrsg. K. Ziegler, Stuttgart 1958, szp. 1999.
Google Scholar

Harper K., Pandemics and Passages to Late Antiquity: Rethinking the Plague of c. 249–270 Described by Cyprian, „Journal of Roman Archaeology” 2015, vol. XXVIII, s. 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759415002470
Google Scholar

Horster M., The Emperor’s Family on Coins (Third Century): Ideology of Stability in Times of Unrest, [w:] Crises and the Roman Empire, eds O. Hekster, G. de Kleijn, D. Slootjes, Leiden–Boston 2007, Impact of Empire, vol. VII, s. 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004160507.i-448.78
Google Scholar

Huttner U., Von Maximinus Thrax bis Aemilianus, [w:] Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser. Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr. (235–284), Bd. I, Hrsg. K.P. Johne, U. Hartmann, Th. Gerhardt, Berlin 2008, s. 161–221.
Google Scholar

Kaczanowicz W., Coinage on Behalf of and with Names of Roman Empresses of the Years 235–284. Introductory Notice, „Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Antiquitas” 2001, t. XXV, s. 31–37.
Google Scholar

Kajava M., Roman Female Praenomina. Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women, Helsinki 1995.
Google Scholar

Kienast D., Eck W., Heil M., Römische Kaisertabelle Grundzüge einer Römischen Kaiserchronologie, Darmstadt 2017.
Google Scholar

Klein B., Tranquillina, Otacilia, Etruscilla, Salonina: vier Kaiserinnen des 3. Jhd. N. Chr., Saarbrücken 1998.
Google Scholar

Kluczek A., Polityka dynastyczna w Cesarstwie Rzymskim w latach 235–284, Katowice 2000.
Google Scholar

Kluczek A., Wybrane zagadnienia z polityki dynastycznej w Cesarstwie Rzymskim w latach 244–253, [w:] Rzym antyczny: polityka i pieniądz, t. II, red. A. Kunisz, Katowice 1995, s. 138–159.
Google Scholar

Kotula T., Ideologia dynastyczna w pięćdziesięcioleciu 235–284, [w:] Studia z dziejów starożytnego Rzymu, red. A. Kunisz, Katowice 1988, s. 65–96.
Google Scholar

Landi S., Serraiocco M., Ceccaroni E., Un mosaico pavimentale con iscrizione dalle terme di Alba Fucens (AQ): studio e primi interventi, [w:] Atti del XXVI Colloquio. Dell’associazione Italiana per lo studio e la conservazione del mosaico, a cura di C. Angelelli, Ch. Cecalupo, Roma 2021, s. 767–773.
Google Scholar

Lichocka B., Pudicitia sur les monnaies romaines, „Etudes et travaux” 1976, t. IX, s. 159–168.
Google Scholar

Manganaro G., La Sicilia da Sesto Pompeo a Diocleziano, [w:] Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, Bd. II. 11.1, Hrsg. W. Haase, H. Temporini, Berlin–New York 1988, s. 3–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110855692-002
Google Scholar

Mattingly H., The Reigns of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus and of Aemilian, „The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society” 1946, vol. VI, s. 36–46.
Google Scholar

McAlee R., The Severan Tetradrachms of Laodicea, „American Numismatic Society Museum Notes” 1984, vol. XXIX, s. 43–59.
Google Scholar

Mikocki T., Zgodna, pobożna, płodna, skromna, piękna… Propaganda cnót żeńskich w sztuce rzymskiej, Wrocław 1997.
Google Scholar

Morelli A.L., Madri di uomini e di dèi: la rappresentazione della maternità attraverso la documentazione numismatica di epoca romana, Bologna 2009.
Google Scholar

Musiał D., Messalina, czyli w niewoli stereotypu, [w:] Kobiety i władza w czasach dawnych, red. B. Czwojdrak, A.A. Kluczek, Katowice 2015, s. 34–38.
Google Scholar

Nicols J., Civic Patronage in the Roman Empire, Leiden–Boston 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261716
Google Scholar

Okoń D., Album Senatorum. Senatores ab Septimii Severi aetate usque ad Alexandrum Severum (193–235 AD), vol. I, Szczecin 2017.
Google Scholar

Peachin M., Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology: AD 235–284, Amsterdam 1990. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004673526
Google Scholar

Potter D.S., Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire. A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198144830.001.0001
Google Scholar

Potter D.S., The Roman Empire at Bay. AD 180–359, London–New York 2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203401170
Google Scholar

Potter D.S., The Transformation of the Empire: 235–337 CE, [w:] A Companion to the Roman Empire, ed. D.S. Potter, Malden–Oxford–Carlton 2006, s. 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996942.ch9
Google Scholar

PIR1: Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec. I., II., III., ed. E. Klebs, wyd. 1, Berolini 1897 i nn.
Google Scholar

PIR2: Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec. I., II., III., eds E. Groag, A. Stein, wyd. 2, Berlin–Leipzig 1933 i nn.
Google Scholar

Salisbury F.S., Mattingly H., The Reign of Trajan Decius, „The Journal of Roman Studies” 1924, vol. XIV, s. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/296323
Google Scholar

Saller R., The Family and Society, [w:] Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient History from Inscriptions, ed. J. Bodel, London–New York 2001, s. 95–117.
Google Scholar

Salomies O., Names and Identities: Onomastics and Prosopography, [w:] Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient History from Inscriptions, ed. J. Bodel, London–New York 2001, s. 73–94.
Google Scholar

Southern P., The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, London–New York 2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203451595
Google Scholar

Spadoni M.C., Perugia romana, Perugia 2017.
Google Scholar

Suski R., Trebonian Gallus i emisje z legendą ADVENTVS AVG. Dlaczego cesarz nie udał się na wschód?, „Wieki Stare i Nowe” 2022, t. XVII (XXII), s. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.31261/WSN.2022.22.12
Google Scholar

Syme R., Emperors and Biography. Studies in the Historia Augusta, Oxford 1971.
Google Scholar

Syme R., Historia Augusta Papers, Oxford 1983.
Google Scholar

Wallace R.E., Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation, [w:] A Companion to the Etruscans, eds S. Bell, A.A. Carpino, Oxford 2016, s. 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118354933.ch14
Google Scholar

Wallace-Hadrill A., The Emperor and his Virtus, „Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte” 1981, Bd. XXX, H. 3, s. 298–323.
Google Scholar

Zaccaria C., Contributo alla storia dei Cesari del III sec. d.C.: i figli dell’imperatore Gallieno, [w:] Quaderni di storia antica e di epigrafa, vol. II, Roma 1978, s. 59–155.
Google Scholar

Ziółkowski A., The Background to the Third-Century Crisis of the Roman Empire, [w:] The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, eds J.P. Arnason, K.A. Raaflaub, Malden 2011, s. 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444390186.ch5
Google Scholar