The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pilgrimages of Konya Province inhabitants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.33.1.08Słowa kluczowe:
religious tourism, Islam, Umrah, Hajj, COVID-19, TürkiyeAbstrakt
The article concerns the characteristics and assessment of the Mecca pilgrimage trends among the inhabitants of Konya Province (Türkiye) in 2017–2021, i.e. before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the pandemic on: (a) the tourism of the provincial inhabitants to Mecca, (b) the activities of local religious tourism operators, and (c) the sense of psychological discomfort in those who could not participate in a pilgrimage. The study concerned the inhabitants of Konya Province due to the deeply rooted conservatism and high religiosity distinguishing this society.
The study was conducted through the methods of investigating sources, expert interview and diagnostic survey. The interviews were conducted at selected Konya travel agencies that organise pilgrimages and at the Konya Valiligi Mudurlugu il Muftulugu. In addition, using an online survey questionnaire, inhabitants of the province were asked if and how their level of psychological comfort was affected by not being able to make the pilgrimage to Mecca during the pandemic.
The results showed that the pandemic significantly weakened the previously growing trend of pilgrimages to Islamic holy sites in the analysed community. It also elicited changes in the offers of local tour operators who were forced to open other destinations. To a lesser extent, it affected the feeling of discomfort of provincial inhabitants resulting from the lack of opportunity to make such trips.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Accor. (n.d.). Smart budget tips for Hajj and Umrah. https://makkahmadinah.accor.com/tag/hajj-cost/
Akbulut, O., Ekin, Y. (2018). Reflections of Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage on Religious Stores in Mugla – Turkey. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 6(3), 18−29. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1235&context=ijrtp
Al-Ajarma, K. (2021). After Hajj: Muslim pilgrims refashioning themselves. Religions, 12(1), 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12010036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010036
Atique, S., Itumalla, R. (2020). Hajj in the time of COVID-19. Infection, Disease & Health, 25(3), 219−221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.04.001
Baczała, J. (2021, June 16). Arabia Saudyjska ogranicza hadżdż. Medycyna Praktyczna.pl. https://www.mp.pl/covid19/covid19-aktualnosci/273013,arabia-saudyjska-ogranicza-hadzdz-zpowodu-pandemii
Baczała, J. (2022, July 7). Hadżdż tylko dla bogatych. Pielgrzymka do Mekki niezwykle kosztowna. Dziennik.pl. https://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/8486804,mekka-pielgrzymka-hadzdz-muzulmanie-koszty-islam-inflacja.html
Basahel, S., Alsabban, A., Yamin, M. (2021). Hajj and Umrah management during COVID-19. International Journal of Information Technology, 13(6), 2491−2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870–021–00812-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-021-00812-w
Bilim, Y., Ay, S. (2022). Young Turkish tourists’ religious tourism motivations, perceptions and intentions about a religious destination: The case of Konya, Türkiye. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 10(2), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.21427/sf3j-mj03
Bu yıl hacca gidilecek mi? 2021 Hac iptal mi, olacak mı? Diyanet’ten 2021 Hac açıklaması. (2021, June 14). Haberturk. https://www.haberturk.com/bu-yil-hacca-gidilecek-mi-2021-hac-iptal-mi-olacak-mi-diyanet-ten-2021-hac-aciklamasi-3103826
Clingingsmith, D., Khwaja, A.I., Kremer, M. (2009). Estimating the impact of the Hajj: Religion and tolerance in Islam’s global gathering. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), 1133–1170. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133
Diyanet İşleri 2018 Hac kura çekiliş sonuçları sorgulama! – Hac kura sonuçları açıklandı. (2018, February 2). Sabah. https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2018/02/02/hac-kura-sonuclari-dun-aksam-aciklandi-diyanet-isleri-ile-2018-hac-kura-cekilis-sonuclarisorgula
Dłużewska, A. (2012). Muzułmanie jako uczestnicy ruchu turystycznego – wybrane determinanty turystyki religijnej i pozareligijnej. Folia Turistica, 27, 21−35. http://www.foliaturistica.pl/attachments/article/402/FT_27_2012.pdf
Dymecka, J. (2021). Psychospołeczne skutki pandemii COVID-19. Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia / Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, 16(1–2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.108030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.108030
Erbaş, A. (2002). Islam dışı Dinlerde Hac. Sakarya Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(4), 97−121. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/192078
Etnikce. (n.d.). Turkiyenin etnik yapısı nedir, ne değıldır. https://www.etnikce.com/mobil/turkiyenin-etnik-yapisi-nedir-nedegildir-h324.html
Ft/kg. (2020, February 27). Święte miejsca islamu nie dla zagranicznych pielgrzymów. Rijad boi się koronawirusa. TVN24.pl. https://tvn24.pl/swiat/arabia-saudyjska-zamyka-granice-dla-pielgrzymow-z-powodu-koronawirusa-4291451
Genç, K. (2021). COVID-19 in Turkey: A nation on edge. The Lancet, 397(10287), 1794−1796. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(21)01098–9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01098-9
General Authority for Statistics. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (GASTAT). (n.d.). Hajj statistics 2019–1440. https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/haj_40_en.pdf
Hacı adayları Arafat’ta. (2022, July, 8). Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/hayat/haci-adaylari-arafatta-3838059
Hajj and Umrah Planner. (n.d.). Tawaf. https://hajjumrahplanner.com/tawaf/#Types_of_Tawaf
Hoang, V.T., Gautret, P., Memish, Z.A., Al-Tawfiq, J.A. (2020). Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings and COVID-19 infection. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 7(4), 133−140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475–020–00218-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00218-x
Hoarau, J.F. (2022). Is international tourism responsible for the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic? A cross-country analysis with a special focus on small islands. Review of World Economics, 158, 493–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290–021–00438-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-021-00438-x
Hosta, N., Limon, B. (2010). Changing features of the concept of pilgrimage: The example of the Mevlana’s museum in Konya. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 22, 196−210. https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67367
IlmFeed. (2017, August 27). Which countries have the highest number of Hajj pilgrims in 2017? https://ilmfeed.com/countries-highest-number-hajj-pilgrims-2017/
Jackowski, A. (1998). Pielgrzymki = turystyka pielgrzymkowa = turystyka religijna? Rozważania terminologiczne. Turyzm, 8(1), 5−20. http://doi.org/10.18778/0867–5856.8.1.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.8.1.01
Karabulut, T., Kaynak, I.H. (2016). Urban tourism and cultural tourism in the context of religious tourism: The case of Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 185−191. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1724949 [in Turkish].
Korinth, B. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international tourism income in tourism receiving countries. Sustainability, 14(19), Article 12550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912550
Luz, N. (2020). Pilgrimage and religious tourism in Islam. Annals of Tourism Research, 82, Article 102915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102915
Maciak, M. (2017). Miejsca święte i pielgrzymkowe w islamie sufickim i szyickim. NURT SVD, 141(1), 79−95. https://www.nurtsvd.pl/media/pdf/nurt_1_2017.pdf
Muneeza, A., Mustapha, Z. (2021). COVID-19: It’s impact in Hajj and Umrah and a future direction. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(5), 661−679. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02–2021–0062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02-2021-0062
Pawlic-Miśkiewicz, B. (Ed.) (2019). Tatarscy pielgrzymi w Mekce. Białystok: Muzułmański Związek Religijny w RP, Najwyższe Kolegium Muzułmańskie. https://bibliotekatatarska.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/tatarscy_pielgrzymi.pdf
Perform Hajj. (n.d.). Hajj guide. https://www.performhajj.com/the_farewell_tawaf.php
Pilgrim. (n.d. a). Different types of Hajj. https://thepilgrim.co/different-types-of-haj
Pilgrim. (n.d. b). Tawaf al-Qudum – everything you need to know. https://thepilgrim.co/tawaf-al-qudum/
Piwko, A.M. (2021). Islam and the COVID-19 pandemic: Between religious practice and health protection. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3291−3308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–021–01346-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01346-y
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. Presidency of Religious Affairs. (2018, February 01). 2018 yılı Hac kuraları çekildi. https://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr-TR/Kurumsal/Detay/11272/2018-yili-hac-kuralari-cekildi [in Turkish].
Razaq, R., Bozonelos, D. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Risks facing Hajj and Umrah. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 8(7), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.21427/awkb-8f25
Sabiq, A.S. (1992). FIQH us-SUNNAH Hajj and ’Umrah. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. https://www.islamland.com/uploads/books/FIQH-us-SUNNAH-Hajj-and-Umrah_eng.pdf
Sakar, A.S. (2022). The brand personality of Konya city as touristic destination. Selçuk Turizm ve Bilişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 25−31. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2672509
SiblingsOfIlm [@SiblingsOfIlm]. (2019, July 17). Summarised Hajj diagram [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SiblingsOfIlm/status/1151433436651053056
Skrabacz, A. (2021). Wpływ pandemii koronawirusa na stan bezpieczeństwa społeczno-ekonomicznego Polaków. Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka, 43(2), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.48269/2451–0718-btip-2021–2-001
Some 72,000 Turkish pilgrims arrive in S Arabia for Hajj. (2019, August 01). Hürriyet Dayli News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/some-72-000-turkish-pilgrims-arrive-in-s-arabia-for-hajj-145431
Świto, L. (2021). Ograniczenie sprawowania kultu religijnego w czasie epidemii COVID-19 w Polsce. Wymiar prawny. Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, 31(3), 165−185. https://doi.org/10.18290/rnp21313.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rnp21313.10
Turkey. Administrative division. (n.d.). City Population. Retrieved August 26, 2022 from: http://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/admin/
Wani, N.U.I. (2018). Pilgrimage in Islam: Traditional and Modern Practices: Sophia Rose Arjana London: Oneworld Publications, 2017. 288 pages. American Journal of Islam and Society, 35(4), 62–64. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i4.474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i4.474
Yaman, H. (2021). Timely lessons from the pandemic in Turkey. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 15(4), e17–e18. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.376
Zuardin, Z., Sukwara Akfan, S.S. (2022). Vaccine: Pandemic COVID-19 during Hajj and Umrah (an editorial). Journal of Islamic Health Studies, 1(1), 1−3. https://jurnalfpk.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/JIHS/article/view/700/306
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Wersje
- 2023-09-08 - (2)
- 2023-07-19 - (1)
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
