W kierunku interpretacji portugalskiego turysty kulturowego: motywacje i ograniczenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.32.2.10Słowa kluczowe:
motywacje podróżnicze, ograniczenia podróży, turysta kulturowy, Portugalia, walidacja skaliAbstrakt
Znaczenie turystyki kulturowej dla rozwoju destynacji turystycznych stworzyło potrzebę gromadzenia wiedzy dotyczącej zarówno podaży, jak i popytu w odniesieniu do motywacji i ograniczeń, które mogą wpływać na decyzje turysty kulturowego. Celem tego badania jest opracowanie i walidacja dla populacji portugalskiej dwóch skal do pomiaru motywacji i ograniczeń w podróżowaniu, z uwzględnieniem teorii potrzeb i ograniczeń, a także zbadanie różnic w zależności od cech społeczno-demograficznych turystów. Skale określono za pomocą nieliniowej analizy głównych składowych, a następnie konfirmacyjnej analizy czynnikowej bootstrap, zaś różnice zbadano za pomocą testów parametrycznych. Poddano walidacji sześciowymiarowy model motywacji i pięciowymiarowy model ograniczeń, oba z dobrym ogólnym dopasowaniem. Motywy związane z kulturą, ciekawością intelektualną i wiedzą kulturową wyróżniają się wysokim poziomem relewancji. Najważniejszymi ograniczeniami są brak środków finansowych i inne zobowiązania. Znaczące różnice stwierdzono prawie we wszystkich cechach. Wyniki ujawniają ich wpływ na decyzje dotyczące podróży, co ma ogromne znaczenie dla projektowania oferty kulturalnej miejsca docelowego.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Ab Ghani, N., Galbreath, J., Evans, R. (2011). Predicting whistle-blowing intention among supervisors in Malaysia. Journal of Global Management, Global Research Agency, 3 (1), 1–18. Retrieved from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/grg/03mngt/v3y2012i1p1-18.html (14.06.2021).
Alderfer, C.P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York: Free Press.
Assael, H. (1995). Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action. Cincinnati (Ohio): South Western College.
Bentler, P.M., Wu, E.J. (2008). EQS 6.1 for Windows. User’s guide. Encino (CA): Multivariate Software, INC. Retrieved from: https://mvsoft.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EQS_6_User_Guide_R8.pdf (13.05.2021).
Bollen, K.A., Stine, R.A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21 (2), 205–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
Božić, S., Jovanović, T., Tomić, N., Vasiljević, D.A. (2017). An analytical scale for domestic tourism motivation and constraints at multi-attraction destinations: The case study of Serbia’s Lower and Middle Danube region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.05.002
Browne, M.W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: K.A. Bollen, J.S. Long (eds), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park (CA): Sage.
Cabral, Á., Nick, E. (2006). Dicionário Técnico de Psicologia. São Paulo: Editora. Pensamento – Cultrix LTDA.
Caldeira, A.M., Kastenholz, E. (2014). Comportamento espácio-temporal do turista urbano: O impacto da duração da estada. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 2 (21/22), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v2i21/22.11393
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., Wanhill, S. (2001). Turismo: Princípios e práticas. Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Costello, A.B., Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10 (7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
Crawford, D.W., Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9 (2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
Crawford, D.W., Jackson, E.L., Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13 (4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
Crompton, J.L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
Dean, D., Suhartanto, D. (2019). The formation of visitor behavioral intention to creative tourism: The role of push-Pull motivation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24 (5), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1572631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1572631
DiCiccio, T.J., Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence intervals. Statistical Science, 11 (3), 189–228. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1032280214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1032280214
Fabrigar, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4 (3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
Fennell, D.A. (2017). Towards a model of travel fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015
Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics+ Webassign. Sage Publications.
Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Gao, S., Mokhtarian, P.L., Johnston, R.A. (2008). Nonnormality of data in structural equation models. Transportation Research Record, 2082 (1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.3141/2082-14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/2082-14
Gil, A.C. (2001). Gestão de Pessoas. São Paulo: Editora Atlas.
Gilbert, D., Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism demand constraints: A skiing participation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (4), 906–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00110-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00110-3
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson New International Edition.
Herzberg, F. (1959). Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory (two factor theory). London: Arab British Academy for Higher Education, 1–2.
Hesterberg, T. (2011). Bootstrap. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 3 (6), 497–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.182
Hinch, T.D., Jackson, E.L. (2000). Leisure constraints research: Its value as a framework for understanding tourism seasonability. Current Issues in Tourism, 3 (2), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500008667868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500008667868
Hinkin, T.R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1 (1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106
Hu, L.-T., Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huber, D., Milne, S., Hyde, K.F. (2018). Constraints and facilitators for senior tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.04.003
Humagain, P., Singleton, P.A. (2021). Exploring tourists’ motivations, constraints, and negotiations regarding outdoor recreation trips during COVID-19 through a focus group study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100447
Hung, K., Petrick, J.F. (2010). Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37 (1), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.002
Jackson, E.L. (1993). Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: Results from alternative analyses. Journal of Leisure Research, 25 (2), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1993.11969914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1993.11969914
Jackson, E.L. (2000). Will research on leisure constraints still be relevant in the twenty-first century? Journal of Leisure Research, 32 (1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949887
Johnson, J., Irizarry, M., Nguyen, N., Maloney, P. (2018). Part 1: Foundational theories of human motivation. Motivation 101: A Guide for Public Servants, 1.
Jöreskog, K.G. (1993). Testing structural equation models. In: K.A. Bollen, J.S. Long (eds), Testing structural equation models (pp. 294–316). Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.
Judd, D.R., Fainstein, S.S. (1999). The tourist city. New Haven (Connecticut): Yale University Press.
Jun, J., Kyle, G.T., O’Leary, J.T. (2008). Constraints to art museum attendance. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26 (1), 40–61.
Kelly, D. (1998). The translation of texts from the tourist sector: Textual conventions, cultural distance and other constraints. TRANS: Revista de traductología, 2, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.24310/TRANS.1998.v0i2.2354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/TRANS.1998.v0i2.2354
Khan, M.J., Chelliah, S., Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22 (11), 1139–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985
Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lee, B.K., Agarwal, S., Kim, H.J. (2012). Influences of travel constraints on the people with disabilities’ intention to travel: An application of Seligman’s helplessness theory. Tourism Management, 33 (3), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.06.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.06.011
Li, M., Zhang, H., Mao, I., Deng, C. (2011). Segmenting Chinese outbound tourists by perceived constraints. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (6), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.598747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.598747
Limongi-França, A.C., Arellano, E.B. (2002). Os processos de recrutamento e seleção. As pessoas na organização. São Paulo: Ed. Gente.
Linting, M., Meulman, J.J., Groenen, P.J.F., van der Koojj, A.J. (2007). Nonlinear principal components analysis: Introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12 (3), 336–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.3.336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.3.336
Lopes, T.d.V.M. (1980). Motivação no trabalho. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
Macleod, D.V.L., Carrier, J.G. (2010). Tourism, power and culture: Insights from anthropology. In: D.V.L. Macleod, J.G. Carrier (eds), Tourism, Power and Culture: Anthropological Insights (pp. 3–20). Bristol (UK): Channel View Publications Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411268-003
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software & aplicações. Pêro Pinheiro (Portugal): ReportNumber, Lda.
Marujo, N. (2014). A cultura, o turismo e o turista: Que relação? TURyDES – Revista de Investigación en Turismo y Desarrollo Local, 7 (16), 1–12.
Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
McClelland, D.C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press Archive.
McKercher, B., du Cros, H. (2002). Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
Monteiro, A. (2014). The European academic mobility and the educational and cultural tourism: Decision factors and motivation. PhD thesis in Tourism, Leisure and Culture, University of Coimbra.
Monterrubio, C., Madera, S.L.R., Pérez, J. (2020). Trans women in tourism: Motivations, constraints and experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.04.009
Monterrubio, C., Mendoza-Ontiveros, M.M., Madera, S.L.R., Pérez, J. (2020). Tourism constraints on transgender individuals in Mexico. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564
Murray, E.J. (1964). Motivation and emotion. Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey): Prentice Hall.
Neulinger, J. (1981). The psychology of leisure: Research approaches to the study of leisure. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.
Nyaupane, G.P., Andereck, K.L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308325
Pennington-Gray, L.A., Kerstetter, D.L. (2002). Testing a constraints model within the context of nature-based tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 40 (4), 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040004008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040004008
Plog, S.C. (1972). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Los Angeles: The Southern California chapter of the Travel Research Association.
Prada-Trigo, J., Chillogallo, D.A., Cordova, A.C., León, L.T. (2018). El turista cultural: tipologías y análisis de las valoraciones del destino a partir del caso de estudio de Cuenca-Ecuador. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16 (1), 55–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.004
Ramos, N. (2013). Interculturalidade(s) e mobilidade(s) no espaço europeu: viver e comunicar entre culturas. In: H. Pina, F. Martins, C. Ferreira (eds), Grandes problemáticas do espaço europeu: Estratégias de (re)ordenamento territorial no quadro de inovação, sustentabilidade e mudança (pp. 343–360), e-book. Porto: Faculdade de Letras, Universidade do Porto.
Ramires, A., Brandão, F., Sousa, A.C. (2018). Motivation-based cluster analysis of international tourists visiting a World Heritage City: The case of Porto, Portugal. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.12.001
Raymore, L.A. (2002). Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 34 (1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2002.11949959 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2002.11949959
Richards, G. (2001). Cultural attractions and European tourism. Wallingford (UK): CAB International publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994406.0000
Robbins, S.P. (2002). Comportamento Organizacional. São Paulo: Prentice Hall.
Samdahl, D.M., Jekubovich, N.J. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29 (4), 430–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949807
Sampaio, J.d.R. (2009). O Maslow desconhecido: uma revisão de seus principais trabalhos sobre motivação. Revista de administração – RAUSP, 44 (1), 5–16. Retrieved from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2234/223417526001.pdf (13.05.2021).
Sawilowsky, S.S. (2009). New effect size rules of thumb. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 8 (2), 26. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1257035100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1257035100
Suni, J., Pesonen, J. (2019). Hunters as tourists – an exploratory study of push-pull motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19 (2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1407668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1407668
Swarbrooke, J., Horner, S. (2002). O comportamento do consumidor no turismo. São Paulo: Aleph.
Takano, L.M.C.F., Kaetsu, S.T. (2018). Fatores que influenciam a compra de viagens para a Disney. Revista da Faculdade de Administração e Economia, 9 (1), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.15603/2176-9583/refae.v9n1p235-256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15603/2176-9583/refae.v9n1p235-256
Teixeira, P., Lemos, D., Carneiro, M.J., Eusébio, C., Teixeira, L. (2020). Web accessibility in Portuguese museums: Potential constraints on interaction for people with disabilities. In: C. Stephanidis, M. Antona, Q. Gao, J. Zhou (eds), HCI International 2020 – Late Breaking Papers: Universal Access and Inclusive Design. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12426 (pp. 371–386). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60149-2_29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60149-2_29
Tian, S., Crompton, J.L., Witt, P.A. (1996). Integrating constraints and benefits to identify responsive target markets for museum attractions. Journal of Travel Research, 35 (2), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759603500207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759603500207
Tomas, R.N., Meschgrahw, R.P., Alcantara, R.L.C. (2012). As redes sociais e o comportamento de compra do consumidor: o reinado do “boca-a-boca” está de volta? Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 11 (2), 124–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v11i2.2325
Turismo de Portugal (2019). Turismo em Números 2019. Retrieved from: https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt/turismo-em-portugal/turismo-em-numeros-2019 (18.02.2021).
Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
Walker, G.J., Virden, R.J. (2005). Constraints on outdoor recreation. Constraints to Leisure, 201–219.
Wehrens, R., Putter, H., Buydens, L.M. (2000). The bootstrap: A tutorial. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 54 (1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(00)00102-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(00)00102-7
World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310 (20), 2191–2194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Wong, I.A., McKercher, B., Li, X. (2016). East meets West: Tourist interest in hybrid culture at postcolonial destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 55 (5), 628–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514563984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514563984
Ying, T., Tang, J., Wen, J., Ye, S., Zhou, Y., Li, F.(S.) (2021). Traveling with pets: Constraints, negotiation, and learned helplessness. Tourism Management, 82, 104183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104183
Yoon, Y., Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
