Triangulation and Dealing with The Realness of Qualitative Research

Authors

  • Krzysztof T. Konecki Lodz University, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.4.3.02

Keywords:

Triangulation, Field research, Qualitative methods, Sociology, Ethnography, Writing of ethnography, Ethnographic description, Definition of reality, Tribal rules, Generalized other

Abstract

This paper provides a sociologists’ reflection of a sociologist on qualitative field research. Reflections will include some methodological and epistemological considerations that are connected with field work, while building the realness of the description and conclusions, i.e. constructing the quality of qualitative research. The intellectual process of doing research will be characterized by analysis of:

  1. description of investigated reality (tales of the field),
  2. analytical process,
  3. usage of commonsense research procedures (so called triangulation procedures), which are used in the field by the researcher and during analysis or writing a research report to adequately “re – present” researched reality.

The three above mentioned stages of representation of reality are interwoven to create one complex intellectual process, which is called “field research”. The quality of qualitative research is the intellectual process where some procedures are used to create the accountability of research conclusions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Krzysztof T. Konecki, Lodz University, Poland

    Krzysztof T. Konecki is a Professor of Sociology, chair of Organizational and Management Sociology Department, Lodz University, Poland, Vice – President of the Qualitative Methods Research Network of the European Sociological Association. His major research areas are: qualitative sociology, grounded theory, symbolic interactionism, visual sociology, sociology of management and organization, sociology of work, organizational symbolism, Japanese culture and management, human-non-human-animals relationships.

References

Anderson, Nels (1965/1923) The Hobo. The Sociology of The Homeless Man. Chicago, London: Phoenix Books, The University of Chicago Press.

Atkinson Paul and Martyn Hammersley (1994) Ethnography and participant observation. In: Denzin Norman, Yvonna Lincoln, ed. (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Belousov, Konstantin and Tom Horlick-Jones, Michael Bloor, Yakov Gilinskiy, Valentin Golbert, Yakov Kostikovsky, Michael Levi, and Dmitri Pentsov (2007) Any port in a storm: fieldwork difficulties in dangerous and crisis-ridden settings, Qualitative Research 7 (2):155–175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107076019

Bateson, Gregory (1996), Umysł i przyroda. Jedność konieczna.(Mind and Nature. A Necessary Unity). Warszawa: PIW.

Becker, Howard (2003) “The Politics of Presentation: Goffman and Total Institutions.” Symbolic Interaction, 26, 4:659–669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2003.26.4.659

Bryman, Allan and Robert Burgess (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London, New York: Routledge.

Blumer, Herbert (1969) Symbolic Interactionism. Perspective and Method. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Burawoy, Michael, 2003, Revisits: an Outline of a Theory of Reflexive Ethnography, American Sociological Review, 2003, Vol. 68:645-679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1519757

Charmaz, Kathy (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory, London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosg070

Cressey, Paul G. (1932/2008) The Taxi-Dance Hall. Chicago: The Chicago of University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226120546.001.0001

Deegan, Mary, Jo (2007) The Chicago School of Ethnography, in: Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland, Lyn Lofland (eds.) Handbook of Ethnography, LA, London, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage.

Denzin, Norman (1978) The Research Act, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Denzin, Norman, Yvonna Lincoln, ed., (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Dey, Ian (1993) Qualitative Data Analysis. A User – Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London, New York: Routledge.

Doi, Takeo (1986) The Anatomy of Self. Tokyo: Kodansha.

Garfinkel, Harold (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology, New York: Prentice Hall.

Glaser, Barney and Anselm L. Strauss (1967) Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014

Glaser, Barney (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity, San Francisco: The Sociology Press.

Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishers.

Gobo, Giampietro (2008) Doing Ethnography, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028976

Goffman, Erving (1961) Asylums: Essays on social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. (quatation from Penquin, Harmondsworth, 1968).

Huberman, Michael A. & Mathew B. Miles (1994). Data management and analysis methods. Pp.428-444 in N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage.

Halas, Elzbieta (1987) Społeczny kontekst znaczeń w teorii symbolicznego interakcjonizmu. (The Social Context of Meanings in Symbolic Interactionism) Lublin: Wydawnictwo Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.

Jahoda Marie, Paul Lazarsfeld, Hans Zeisel, 1933, Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. Verlag von S. Hirzel in Leipzig.

Janesick, Valerie (1994) The Dance of Qualitative Research Design. Metaphor, Methodolatry, and Meaning. in: Denzin N. and Lincoln Y. 1994 Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Kleinknecht, Steven (2007) “An interview with Robert Prus: His Career, Contributions, and Legacy as an Interactionist Ethnographer and Social Theorist.” Qualitative Sociology Review, Vol. III Issue 2. Retrieved October, 2008 http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume7/QSR_3_2_Kleinknecht.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.3.2.12

Knoblauch, Hubert (2005). Focused Ethnography [30 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), Art. 44 http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503440

Konecki, Krzysztof, (1989) “The Methodology of Grounded Theory in the Research of the Situation of Work.” The Polish Sociological Bulletin 2:59-74.

Konecki, Krzysztof (1990) “Dependency and Worker Flirting.” Pp. 55-66 in Organizational Symbolism, edited by Barry Turner. Berlin, New York: Gruyter. Available online http://qsr.webd.pl/KKonecki/publikacje/publikacja29.doc

Konecki, Krzysztof (1992a/2007) „Nowi pracownicy a kultura organizacyjna przedsiębiorstwa. Studium folkloru fabrycznego.” Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, Monografie, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.3.1.02

Tom 3, no 1 http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/PL/Volume3/PSJ_monografie_1.pdf

Konecki, Krzysztof (1992) W japońskiej fabryce. Społeczne i kulturowe aspekty pracy i organizacji przedsiębiorstwa. (In Japanese factory. The Social and Cultural Aspects of

Work and Organization of Enterprise) Łódź: Instytut Socjologii – Agencja Master. Available online http://qsr.webd.pl/KKonecki/publikacje/publikacja16.html

Konecki, Krzysztof (1998) Łowcy Głów. Analiza pracy rekrutacyjnej w agencjach doradztwa personalnego. (Headhunting. The analysis of recruitment work in executive search companies) Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Normalizacyjne Alfa – Wero.

Konecki, Krzysztof (2000) Studia z metodologii badań jakościowych. Teoria ugruntowana. (Studies in Methodology of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory) Warszawa: PWN.

Konecki, Krzysztof and Jolanta Kulpińska (1996) Qualitative Studies Of The Organization And Management During The Time Of Transformation Process And Socio- Economic Changes. Adequate Theoretical Description, Journal for European Management Studies, Vol. 1, no 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-1996-1-80

Krzeminski, Ireneusz (1986) Symboliczny interakcjonizm i socjologia. (Symbolic Interactionism and Sociology). Warszawa: PWN.

Kvale, Steinar (1996) InterViews: An introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousands Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson (1988) Metafory w naszym życiu. Warszawa: PIW (Metaphors We Live By, 1980, Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Marciniak, Łukasz T. (2008) “Stawanie się nauczycielem akademickim. Analiza symboliczno-interakcjonistyczna”. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, Tom IV Numer 2. 10.2008 http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/PL/Volume7/PSJ_monografie_3.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.4.2.02

Marriott, Edward (1999) Zagubione plemię. (The Lost Tribe: A Harrowing Passage Into New Guinea's Heart of Darkness) Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka.

Mead, Georg H. (1932) Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Moran – Elis, Jo, Victoria D. Alexander, Ann Cronin, Mary Dickinson, Jane Fielding, Judith Sleney and Hilary Thomas, 2006, Triangulation and integration: processes, claims and implications, Qualitative Research, vol. 6 (1):45–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106058870

Morse, Janice (1994) Designing Funded Qualitative Research. In: Denzin N. and Lincoln Y.: Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Nadai, Eva & Christoph Maeder (2005). Fuzzy Fields. Multi-Sited Ethnography in Sociological Research [24 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), Art. 28 http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503288

Ożyński, Antoni (1998) My i oni w procesie restrukturyzacji. (We and they in the process of restructurization), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania im. L. Koźmińskiego.

Prus, Robert, C. R. D Sharper (1977) Road Hustlers. The Career Contingencies of Professional Card and Dice Hustlers, Lexington Massachusetts, Toronto: Lexington Books.

Prus, Robert and Irini Styllianoss (1980) Hookers, Rounders, and Desk Clerks: The Social Organization of the Hotel Community. Toronto, Ontario: Gage.

Prus, Robert (1996) Symbolic Interaction and Ethnographic Research. Intersubjectivity and the Study of Human Lived Experience. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Punch Maurice (1994) Politics and Ethics in Qualitative Research. in: Denzin N. i. Lincoln Y.: Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Richardson Laurel (1994) Writing: A Method of Inquiry. In: Denzin Norman i Yvonna Lincoln Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Schutz, Alfred (1944) Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology. American Journal of Sociology, 49:499–507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/219472

Silverman, David (2001) Interpreting Qualitative Data. Methods of Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage.

Silverman, David (2005) Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook (second edition). London: Sage.

Smith, Gregory (2003) “Crysalid Goffman: A Note on ‘Some Characteristics of Response to Depicted Experience’. Symbolic Interaction, 26, 4:645–658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2003.26.4.645

Stake, Robert (1994) “Case Studies.” Pp. 236–248 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Strauss, Anselm L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511557842

Strauss, Anselm L. (1993) Continual Permutations of Action. New York: Aldine.

Strauss, Anselm and Julie Corbin (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

Van Maanen, John (1988) Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Zakrzewska – Manterys, Elżbieta (1996) Odteoretycznienie świata społecznego. Podstawowe pojęcia teorii ugruntowanej. Studia Socjologiczne, No 1:5–26.

Ziolkowski Marek (1981) Znaczenie, interakcja, rozumienie. Warszawa: PWN.

Downloads

Published

2008-12-30

How to Cite

Konecki, Krzysztof T. 2008. “Triangulation and Dealing With The Realness of Qualitative Research”. Qualitative Sociology Review 4 (3): 7-28. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.4.3.02.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>