Halfway between London and Ankara: The role of migration in the global integration of Budapest

Pál Koudela; Panna Baranyi

doi:10.18778/1231-1952.32.2.02

Authors

Pál Koudela Budapest University of Economics and Business, Faculty of International Management and Business, Department of International Economics https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-610X
Panna Baranyi Pázmány Péter Catholic University https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3136-2168

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.32.2.02

Crossmark check for up

Keywords:

global Budapest, international migration, globalisation, contest of cities, international labour markets

Abstract

Budapest’s global city network integration determines its future social and economic development regarding every related dimensions. This position is based on its international labour market flows in a specific way. While unskilled labour provides essential but changeable resources, highly skilled labour has much higher added value and create liveable social and cultural environments. Local regulation tries to balance domestic market needs and deeper economic integration by eliminating low skilled workers in vain according to existing experiences. Their spatial concentration, deeper integration and the diversified sources of immigration both contribute to Budapest strengthening global city connectedness. Our aim is to show and analyse these processes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ALPEK B. L., CSÁSZÁR M. Z., TÓTH, Á. D. and CZIMRE, K. (2022), ‘Impacts of the international students’ consumption expenditures on the national economy in Hungary, 2020’, Regional Statistics, 12 (4), pp. 176–199. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS120408
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.15196/RS120408

BAL, M., ARADI, E. and YERKES, M. A. (2024), ‘«Keep Europe for the Europeans». The Role of Threat Perceptions and Intergroup Contact for Explaining Attitudes towards Immigrants in Hungary’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 13 (1), pp. 89-107. https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2024.08
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2024.08

BERCEANU, I.-C., POPA, N. and CRETAN, R. (2023), ‘Towards a regional crossover model? The roles played by spatial vicinity and cultural proximity among ethnic minorities in an East-Central European borderland’, Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 15 (2), pp. 159–190, https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1197404 [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.37043/JURA.2023.15.2.1

BERTAUD, A. (2018), Order without Design: How Markets Shape Cities, Cambridge: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10671.001.0001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10671.001.0001

BIELER, A., LINDBERG, I. and PILLAY, D. (eds), (2015), Labour and the Challenges of Globalization: What Prospects For Transnational Solidarity? London: Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs4tb
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs4tb

BISZTRAI, M., KOVÁCS, E., KOVÁTS, A. and VADASI, V. (2020), Folyamatos ideiglenesség: migráns munkavállalók helyzete Magyarországon, A munka és a társadalmi igazságosság. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Google Scholar

BORJAS, G. (2019), Immigration and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/papers/w25836.pdf [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w25836

BORDEAU-LEPAGE, L. (2007), ‘Advanced services and city globalization on the Eastern fringe of Europe’, Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie, 8 (1), pp. 133–146. https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.11703
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.11703

BRUNARSKA, Z. (2023), ‘Exposure to Immigration and Sense of Socio-Territorial Belonging: Evidence from Russia’, Problems of Post-Communism, 70 (4), pp. 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062385
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2062385

CIORAN, A. J., CREŢAN, R., VOICULESCU, S. and DOICIAR, C. (2024), ‘COVID-19 crisis, Romanian Roma migrant women, and the temporary geographies of lockdown in the Spanish home’, Area, 56, e12910. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12910
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12910

COHEN, N., FOGELMAN, T. and LEBUHN, H. (2022), ‘Making cities through migration industries: Introduction to the special issue’, Urban Studies, 59 (11), pp. 2161–2178. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221094709
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221094709

CSÁSZÁR, Z., TARÓSSY, I., DOBOS, G., VARJAS, J. and ALPEK, L. (2023), ‘Changing geopolitics of higher education: economic effects of inbound international student mobility to Hungary’, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 47 (2), pp. 285–310. https://doi/full/10.1080/03098265.2022.2045572
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2022.2045572

CSEH PAPP, I., BILAN, S. and DAJNOKI, K. (2019), ‘Globalization of the labour market – Circular migration in Hungary’, Journal of International Studies, 12 (2), pp. 182–200. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-2/11
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-2/11

CZERSKA-SHAW, K. and KUBICKI, P. (2023), ‘Detecting Urban Resilience. Foreign Residents’ Perceptions and Experiences of Public Services in a Globalising City: A Case Study of Krakow’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2023.08
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2023.08

DE HAAS, H. (2021), ‘A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework’, Comparative Migration Studies, 9 (1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4

DÖBRÖNTE, K. (2018), ‘A közép-európai városok pozíciója a magas szintű üzleti szolgáltatók lokációs döntéseiben’, Területi Statisztika, 58 (2), pp. 200–219. https://doi.org/10.15196/TS580204
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.15196/TS580204

FINDLAY, A. M., LI, F. L. N., JOWETT, A. J. and SKELDON, R. (1996), ‘Skilled International Migration and the Global City: A Study of Expatriates in Hong Kong’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 21 (1), p. 49. https://doi.org/10.2307/622923
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/622923

FLORIDA, R. L. (2005), Cities and the creative class, New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203997673

FREEDMAN, J. (2008), ‘Women, Migration and Activism in Europe’, Amnis, 8, https://doi.org/10.4000/amnis.604
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/amnis.604

FRIEDMANN, J. (1986), ‘The World City Hypothesis’, Development and Change, 17 (1), pp. 69– 83. https://doi/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x

FRIEDMANN, J. and WOLFF, G. (1982), ‘World city formation: an agenda for research and action’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 6 (3), pp. 309–344. https://doi/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1982.tb00384.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1982.tb00384.x

GÁL, Z. (2015), ‘Development of international financial centres in Central and Eastern Europe during transition period and crisis. The case of Budapest’, Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, 2 (60), pp. 53–80. https://doi.org/10.7366/1509499526003
Google Scholar

GIRLING, R. (2024), ‘Global Embeddedness: Situating Migrant Entrepreneurship within an Asymmetrical, Global Context’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 13 (1). https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2024.02
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2024.02

GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX (2023), Report. Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/global-liveability-index-2023/ [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HAMNETT, C. (2021), ‘The changing social structure of global cities: Professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation’, Urban Studies, 58 (5), pp. 1050–1066. https://doi/10.1177/0042098020940556
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020940556

HCSO (2008), ‘A nemzetközi vándorlás fõbb folyamatai Magyarországon’ (Main trends in international migration in Hungary), Statisztikai Tükör, 2 (177), pp. 1–5, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/stattukor/nemzvand.pdf [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2019), ‘Oktatási adatok, 2018/2019 (előzetes adatok)’, (Education data, 2018/2019 (preliminary data), 2018. december 21, Statisztikai Tükör, pp. 1–2, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/oktat/okt1819.pdf [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2020a), ‘Külföldi irányítású vállalkozások Magyarországon’, (Foreign-controlled enterprises in Hungary.) 2020, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/kulf_irany_vall/2020/index.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2020b), ‘Oktatási adatok, 2019/2020 (előzetes adatok)’, (Education data, 2019/2020 (preliminary data),), Statisztikai Tükör, 1–2, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/oktat/oktatas1920.pdf [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2021), ‘Felsőoktatás’ (Higher education.) 2020/2021, https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/oktat/felsooktatas2021/index.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2023), ‘Oktatási adatok, 2022/2023 (előzetes adatok)’, (Education data, 2022/2023 (preliminary data)), https://www.ksh.hu/s/kiadvanyok/oktatasi-adatok-2022-2023-elozetes-adatok/index.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO (2024), ‘Külföldi hallgatók száma országok szerint Felsőoktatási intézmények’ (Number of foreign students by country Higher education institutions.), https://statinfo.ksh.hu/Statinfo/index.jsp [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO 4.21. Külföldi közvetlentőke-befektetés. (Foreign direct investment.), https://www.ksh.hu/ffi/4-21.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO 22.1.2.18. A Magyarországon tartózkodó külföldi állampolgárok a tartózkodás célja, vármegye és régió szerint, január 1. (Foreign citizens staying in Hungary by purpose of stay, county and region, January 1.), https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/hu/nep0051.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HCSO 22.1.1.28. A bevándorló külföldi állampolgárok az állampolgárság országa szerint. (Immigrant foreign nationals by country of citizenship.), https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/hu/nep0028.html [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HEGYESHALMI, R. (2017, January 26), Ukrán vendégmunkásokat csábít a kormány Magyarországra. (The government is luring Ukrainian guest workers to Hungary.) http://index.hu/gazdasag/2017/01/26/ukran_vendegmunkasokat_csabit_a_kormany_magyarorszagra/ [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HG (Hungarian Government), (2013), 445/2013. (XI. 28.) Korm. rendelet a harmadik országbeli állampolgárok magyarországi foglalkoztatásának nem összevont kérelmezési eljárás alapján történő engedélyezéséről, az engedélyezési kötelezettség alóli mentességről, a fővárosi és megyei kormányhivatal munkaügyi központjának az összevont kérelmezési eljárásban való szakhatósági közreműködéséről, valamint a Magyarországon engedélymentesen foglalkoztatható harmadik országbeli állampolgárok magyarországi foglalkoztatásának bejelentéséről, és a munkabér megtérítéséről. (Government decree on the authorization of the employment of third-country nationals in Hungary based on a non-consolidated application procedure, on exemption from the licensing obligation, on the cooperation of the labour centre of the capital and county government office in the combined application procedure, and on the notification of the employment of third-country nationals who can be employed in Hungary without a permit in Hungary, and compensation of wages), https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1300445.kor [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HG (Hungarian Government), (2023), A Kormány 462/2023. (X. 5.) Korm. rendelete Magyarország munkaerőpiacának és lakosságának védelmét szolgáló veszélyhelyzeti intézkedésekről. (Government decree on emergency measures for the protection of Hungary’s labour market and population.), https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2023-462-20-22 [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

HÜWELMEIER, G. (2015), ‘From «Jarmark Europa» to «Commodity City.» New Marketplaces, Post-Socialist Migrations, and Cultural Diversity in Central and Eastern Europe’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 4 (1), pp. 27–39, http://www.ceemr.uw.edu.pl/vol-4-no-1-june-2015/articles/jarmark-europa-commodity-city-new-marketplaces-post-socialist [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

IRIMIÁS, A. (2009), ‘Az új kínai migráció – a Budapesten élő kínai közösség’ (The new Chinese migration – the Chinese community living in Budapest.), Statisztikai Szemle, 87 (7–8), pp. 828– 847, https://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archive/2009/2009_07-08/2009_07-08_828.pdf [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

KORYS, P. and WEINAR, A. (2005), ‘Poland’ [in:] NIESSEN, J. and SCHIBEL, Y. (eds), Immigration as a labour market strategy - European and North American Perspectives, Migration Policy Group. pp. 129–158.
Google Scholar

KOUDELA, P. (2017), ‘A japán migrációs politika kihívásai’ (The challenges of Japanese migration policy.), Külügyi Szemle, 16 (2), pp. 51–70.
Google Scholar

KOUDELA, P. (2018a), Migráció és politika Kelet-Ázsiában. (Migration and Politics in East Asia.), Budapest: Cepoliti Kiadó.
Google Scholar

KOUDELA, P. (2018b), ‘A ki- és bevándorlás története Magyarországon a rendszerváltástól napjainkig’ (The history of emigration and immigration in Hungary from the regime change to the present day.), [in:] PÓSÁN, L., VESZPRÉMY, L. and ISASZEGI, J. (eds), Migráció a kora középkortól napjainkig, Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. pp. 438–467.
Google Scholar

KOUDELA, P. (2024), ‘Good stories overwrite creativity: the three eras of city competition’, Creativity Studies, 17 (2), pp. 395–406. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2024.16671
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2024.16671

KŘÍŽKOVÁ, I. and OUŘEDNÍČEK, M. (2020), ‘Immigrant internal migration in a new destination country: Do immigrants suburbanise in Czechia and why?’, Popul Space Place, 26, 2326. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2326
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2326

LEWITT, P. (1998), ‘Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion’, International Migration Review, 32 (4), pp. 926–948. https://doi/10.1177/019791839803200404
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200404

MALEŠIČ, M. (2017), ‘The securitisation of migrations in Europe: The case of Slovenia’, Teorija in praksa, 54, (6), pp. 947–968.
Google Scholar

MASSEY, D. S., ARANGO, J., HUGO, G., KOUAOUCI, A., PELLEGRINO, A. and TAYLOR, J. E. (1993), ‘Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal’, Population and Development Review, 19 (3), p. 431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462

MATUSZCZYK, K. and BOJARCZUK, S. (2024), ‘The evolution of the migration industry – how have employers been supported in sourcing their workforce?’, Labor History, pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2024.2340611
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2024.2340611

MED (Ministry of Economic Development), (2023), GFM közlemény (HÉ 2023/57.) a 2023-ban Magyarországon munkavállalási engedéllyel foglalkoztatható harmadik országbeli állampolgárok legmagasabb számáról. (MED announcement (HÉ 2023/57.) on the maximum number of third-country nationals who can be employed with a work permit in Hungary in 2023), https://jogkodex.hu/doc/9585553 [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

MESZMANN, T. T. and FEDYUK, O. (2019), ‘Snakes or Ladders? Job Quality Assessment among Temp Workers from Ukraine in Hungarian Electronics’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 8, (1), pp. 75–93. https://doi.org/10.17467/ceemr.2019.03
Google Scholar

NES (Nemzeti Foglalkoztatási Szolgálat), (2023), Külföldiek foglalkoztatása Magyarországon 2013-2023. (Employment of foreigners in Hungary 2013-2023), https://nfsz.munka.hu/tart/stat_kulfoldiek [accessed on: 2025, May 1].
Google Scholar

O’BRIEN, K., BAKER, C. N., BUSH, S. A., ELLIOT, M. and WOLF, K. J. (2024), ‘Exploring Identities of Extension Faculty and Educators as Science Communicators’, Journal of Applied Communications, 108, (1), pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2529
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2529

OPTEN (2021), Már 8 éve meredeken csökken a külföldi érdekeltségű cégek aránya Magyarországon. (For 8 years now, the proportion of companies with foreign interests in Hungary has been falling sharply.) (2021, July 21), OPTEN, https://www.opten.hu/kozlemenyek/mar-8-eve-meredeken-csokken-a-kulfoldi-erdekeltsegu-cegek-aranya-magyarorszagon [accessed on: 01.05.2025].
Google Scholar

ÖRKÉNY, A. and SZÉKELYI, M. (2010), ‘Hat migráns csoport összehasonlító elemzése’ (Comparative analysis of six migrant groups.), [in:] ÖRKÉNY, A. and SZÉKELYI, M. (eds), Az idegen Magyarország-Bevándorlók társadalmi integrációja, Budapest: ELTE Eötvös Kiadó. MTA ENKI. pp. 49–97.
Google Scholar

PÉTI, M., SZABÓ, L., OBÁDOVICS, C., SZABÓ, B. and CSÉCSI, D. (2021), ‘Analyzing Ethnocentric Immigration through the Case of Hungary – Demographic Effects of Immigration from Neighboring Countries to Hungary’, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8 (4), pp. 128–153. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/857
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/857

PIORE, M. J. (2014), ‘The Dual Labor Market: Theory and Implications’ [in:] GRUSKY, D. (ed.), Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar

RADOWICZ, J. (2021), ‘Searching for the Best Way of Integration. Migrant Women in Europe’, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 3, (2021), pp. 39-57. https://doi/10.33067/ SE.3.2021.3
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.33067/SE.3.2021.3

REID, A., RONDA‐PEREZ, E. and SCHENKER, M. B. (2021), ‘Migrant workers, essential work, and COVID‐19’, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 64 (2), pp. 73–77. https://doi/10.1002/ajim.23209
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23209

RUSU, I. (2011), ‘Migration in Hungary: historical legacies and differential integration’, [in:] CARMEL, E., CERAMI, A. and PAPADOPULOS, T. (eds), Migration and welfare in the new Europe: Social protection and the challenges of integration, Bristol: Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847426444.003.0009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.51952/9781847429377.ch009

SAMERS, M. (2002), ‘Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26 (2), pp. 389–3402. https://doi/10.1111/1468-2427.00386
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00386

SASSEN, S. (1991), The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar

SASSEN, S. (1988), The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598296
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598296

SASSEN, S. (2005), ‘The Global City: Introducing a Concept’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11 (2), pp. 27–43.
Google Scholar

STANFORD, J. and VOSKO, L. F. (eds), (2004), Challenging the Market: The Struggle to Regulate Work and Income, Montreal and Kingston, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773572027

UNCTAD United Nations. World Investment Report 2018 and 2019. Investment and new industrial policies, paper delivered at the conference titled ‘United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’, Geneva: United Nations.
Google Scholar

WALLERSTEIN, I. (2004), World-systems analysis: An introduction, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822399018

WILLS, J., DATTA, K., EVANS, Y., HERBERT, J., MAY, J. and MCILWAINE, C. (2015), Global Cities At Work: New Migrant Divisions of Labour, Pluto Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p9sr
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p9sr

YAMAMURA, S. (2022), ‘From global city makers to global city-shapers: Migration industries in the global city networks’, Urban Studies, 59 (11), pp. 2234–2254. https://doi/10.1177/00420980221087927
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221087927