Planning and practice of the Polish-Czech transborder road network development: From ineffective top-down plans to bottom-up lack of coordination?

Marek Furmankiewicz; Krzysztof Buryło; Ivo Dostál; Maria Hełdak; Joanna Lipsa; Maciej Zathey

doi:10.18778/1231-1952.32.1.01

Authors

Marek Furmankiewicz Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-1056
Krzysztof Buryło Independent researcher https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8907-7025
Ivo Dostál Transport Research Centre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-1800
Maria Hełdak Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6171-8548
Joanna Lipsa Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3553-0074
Maciej Zathey Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-0563

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.32.1.01

Crossmark check for up

Keywords:

development policy, borderlands, border permeability, road network, spatial planning, European integration, Poland, Czechia

Abstract

In this article, the authors analyse the development policy of the major road network in the Polish-Czech border areas in 1958–2024. The methodology of content analysis covering historical bilateral and European planning documents and GIS spatial analysis of access to border areas via roads crossing the border. The analyses have shown: (1) dominance of political and expert planning, without the use of scientific network models; (2) decentralisation of planning and resignation from common documents; (3) prioritising east-west connections and disregarding the north-south European ones; and (4) the greatest increase in border permeability only after the elimination of permanent border controls within the EU Schengen Area since 2007, but mainly due to the opening of historical roads.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ARLEG and CIRI (2014), Strategia zintegrowanej współpracy czesko-polskiego pogranicza 2014–2020, Legnica and Hradec Králové: Agencja Rozwoju Regionalnego ARLEG S.A. and Centrum investic, rozvoje a inovací.
Google Scholar

BAŃSKI, J. (2010), ‘Dilemmas for Regional Development in the Concepts Seeking to Develop Poland’s Spatial Structure’, Regional Studies, 44 (5), pp. 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400902926375
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400902926375

Belof, M. (ed.) (2006), Polish-Czech Border Region Development Study: Synthesis of National Documents, Warszawa–Wrocław–Praga: Ministerstwo Budownictwa Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Ministerstvo Pro Místní Rozvoj České Republiky.
Google Scholar

BIČÍK, I. and ŠTĚPÁNEK, V. (1994), ‘Long-term and current tendencies in land-use: Case study of the Prague`s environs and the Czech Sudetenland’, Acta Universitatis Carolineae, Geographica, 29 (1), pp. 47–66.
Google Scholar

BÖHM, H. and OPIOŁA, W. (2019), ‘Czech-Polish Cross-Border (Non) Cooperation in the Field of the Labor Market: Why Does It Seem to Be Un-De-Bordered?’, Sustainability, 11 (10), 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102855
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102855

Böhm, H. and Šmída, J. (2019), ‘Borders on the old maps of Jizera Mountain’, Miscellanea Geographica – Regional Studies on Development, 23 (4), pp. 199–209. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0021
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0021

BORSA, M. (2015), ‘30 lat planowania dla pogranicza polsko-czeskiego’, Przegląd Urbanistyczny, 7 (9), pp. 32–34.
Google Scholar

BORSA, M. (ed.) (2000), ‘Strategia rozwoju pogranicza Polsko-Czeskiego/ Strategie rozvoje česko-polského pohraničí’, Supplement to Biuletyn Pogranicza Polsko-Czeskiego, 16 (3), pp. 1-118.
Google Scholar

Borsa, M., Kamiński, B., Królikowski, K., Wieczorek, W., Skomska, B., Uzel, P., Ryšlavý, I., Bedrna, J. and Matyáš, F. (1997), Studium koordynacyjne rozwoju pogranicza polsko-czeskiego, wydanie II. / Koordinační studie rozvoje česko-polského pohraničí, II. Vydání, Warszawa and Praha: Rządowe Centrum Studiów Strategicznych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Ministerstvo pro místní rozvoj České republiky.
Google Scholar

BORSA, M., KRÓLIKOWSKI, K., WALAWSKI, A. UZEL, P. and Matyáš, F. (1993), ‘Studium koordynacyjne rozwoju pogranicza polsko-czeskiego / Koordinační studie rozvoje česko-polského pohraničí’, Katowice: Centralny Urząd Planowania, Biuro Planowania Regionalnego w Katowicach.
Google Scholar

CESCI (2010), ‘Proposal for the establishment of the CETC EGTC’, Budapest: Central European Service for Cross-border Initiatives.
Google Scholar

CHRISTODOULOU, A. and CHRISTIDIS, P. (2019), ‘Measuring Cross-Border Road Accessibility in the European Union’, Sustainability, 11 (15), 4000. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154000
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154000

CHWESIUK, K. (2006), ‘Środkowoeuropejski korytarz transportowy (CETC) jako element europejskiego systemu transportowego’, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Transport, 62, pp. 97-106. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/Content/56530/BCPS-62957_2006_Srodkowoeuropejski-K.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

CIOK, S. (1988), ‘Niekorzystne tendencje zmian w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym Sudetów’, Czasopismo Geograficzne, 59 (2), pp. 171–183.
Google Scholar

CIOK, S. (1990), Problematyka obszarów przygranicznych polski południowo-zachodniej. Studium społeczno-ekonomiczne, Wrocław: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Google Scholar

CIOK, S. (1991), Sudety: obszar problemowy, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
Google Scholar

CONDEÇO-MELHORADO, A. and CHRISTIDIS, P. (2018), ‘Road Accessibility in Border Regions: a Joint Approach’, Networks and Spatial Economics, 18 (2), pp. 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-017-9362-1
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-017-9362-1

CZECH, M. (2021), ‘Pan-European transport corridors in the policy of the European Union’, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, 1, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37105/iboa.100
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.37105/iboa.100

Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2018), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Fifth Edition, Los Angeles–London–New Delhi–Singapore–Washington DC–Melbourne: Sage.
Google Scholar

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR MIGRATION AND HOME AFFAIRS (2015), Europe without borders. The Schengen area, Brussels: European Commission.
Google Scholar

DOŁZBŁASZ, S. (2017), ‘From Divided to Shared Spaces: Transborder Tourism in the Polish-Czech Borderlands’, [in:] HALL, D. (ed.), Tourism and geopolitics: issues and concepts from Central and Eastern Europe, pp. 163–177, Wallingford, Boston: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780647616.0163
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780647616.0163

DOŁZBŁASZ, S. and RACZYK, A. (2015), ‘Different Borders-Different Cooperation? Transborder Cooperation in Poland’, Geographical Review, 105 (3), pp. 360–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12077.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12077.x

Dołzbłasz, S. and Raczyk, A. (2024), ‘The stability of cooperation in the context of cross-border cooperation: The example of Poland’s borderlands’, Moravian Geographical Reports, 32 (3), pp. 164–175. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2024-0014
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2024-0014

Dostál, I., Havlíček, M. and Skokanová, H. (2023), ‘The Unfinished Hitler’s Motorway – A Heritage in the Contemporary Landscape’, [in:] Fialová, J. (ed.) ‘14th Conference on Public Recreation and Landscape Protection – With Environment Hand in Hand. Křtiny, May 9–11, 2023’, Brno: Mendel University, pp. 340-345. https://doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-904-4-0340
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-904-4-0340

EBERHARDT, P. (2017), ‘Political and administrative boundaries of the German state in the 20th century’, Geographia Polonica, 90 (3), pp. 335–350. https://doi.org//10.7163/GPol.0095
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0095

FLEISCHER, T. (2003), ‘Infrastructure networks in Central Europe and EU enlargement’, IWE Working Papers, 139, Budapest: Institute for World Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, http://www.vki.hu/workingpapers/wp-139.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

Furmankiewicz, M. (2007), ‘International Cooperation of Polish Municipalities: Directions and Effects’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98 (3), pp. 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00402.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00402.x

FURMANKIEWICZ, M., BURYŁO, K. and DOŁZBŁASZ, S. (2020), ‘From service areas to empty transport corridors? The impact of border openings on service and retail facilities at Polish-Czech border crossings’, Moravian Geographical Reports, 28 (2), pp. 136–151. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0011

Furmankiewicz, M. and Trnková, G. (2024), ‘Cross-border cooperation of Polish and Czech area-based partnerships supported by Rural Development Programmes: Genuinely international or solely national projects?’ Moravian Geographical Reports, 32 (2), pp. 137–150. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2024-0012
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2024-0012

GOLDMANN, K. and WESSEL, J. (2020), ‘TEN-T corridors – Stairway to heaven or highway to hell?’, Transportation Research Part A, 137, pp. 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.04.010
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.04.010

GUTIÉRREZ, J. and URBAN, P. (1996), ‘Accessibility in the European Union: the impact of the trans-European road network’, Journal of Transport Geography, 4 (1), pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-6923(95)00042-9
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-6923(95)00042-9

HEŁDAK, M. and BYKOWA, E. (2017), ‘Construction of public roads at the meeting point of different legislation systems’, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 18 (6), pp. 86–94. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/76217
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/76217

HISAKAWA, N., JANKOWSKI, P. and PAULUS, G. (2013), ‘Mapping the porosity of international border to pedestrian traffic: a comparative data classification approach to a study of the border region in Austria, Italy, and Slovenia’, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40 (1), pp. 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2013.762141
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2013.762141

JAARSMA, C. F. (1997), ‘Approaches for the planning of rural road networks according to sustainable land use planning’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 39 (1), pp. 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00067-4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00067-4

Janda, T. and Lídl, V. (2008), ‘Německá průchozí dálnice I. díl – Severní úsek’, Praha: Ředitelství silnic a dálnic ČR.
Google Scholar

JAŃCZAK, J. (2014), ‘Borders and border dimensions in Europe. Between frontierisation and boundarisation’, Public Policy and Economic Development, 2, pp. 7–18, http://hdl.handle.net/10593/14736 [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/pped.2014.1.1

JEDLIČKA, J., HAVLÍČEK, M., DOSTÁL, I., HUZLÍK, J. and SKOKANOVÁ, H. (2019), ‘Assessing Relationships between Land Use Changes and the Development of a Road Network in the Hodonín Region (Czech Republic)’, Quaestiones Geographicae, 38 (1), pp. 145–159. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0003
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0003

JĘDRUCH, M., FURMANKIEWICZ, M. and KACZMAREK, I. (2020), ‘Spatial Analysis of Asymmetry in the Development of Tourism Infrastructure in the Borderlands: The Case of the Bystrzyckie and Orlickie Mountains’, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9 (8), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080470
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080470

Jílek, T. and Jílková, A. (2006), Železná opona: Československá státní hranice od Jáchymova po Bratislavu 1948–1989, Praha: Baset.
Google Scholar

KACHNIARZ, M., SZEWRANSKI, S. and KAZAK, J. (2019), ‘The Use of European Funds in Polish and Czech Municipalities. A Study of the Lower Silesia Voivodship and Hradec Kralove Region’, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471 (11), 112047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/11/112047
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/11/112047

Kaliński, J. (2021), ‘Zamierzenia i dokonania w sferze budowy autostrad w PRL’, [in:] Grata, P. (ed.), Modernizacja bez suwerenności. Przemiany gospodarcze i społeczne w Polsce Ludowej, Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, pp. 404–425.
Google Scholar

KAZAK, J., CHALFEN, M., KAMIŃSKA, J., SZEWRAŃSKI, S. and ŚWIĄDER, M. (2018), ‘Geo-Dynamic Decision Support System for Urban Traffic Management’, [in:] IVAN, I., HORÁK, J. and INSPEKTOR, T. (eds), Dynamics in GIScience, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61297-3_14
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61297-3_14

KOLEJKA, J., ŻYSZKOWSKA, W., BATELKOVÁ, K., CIOK, S., DOŁZBŁASZ, S., KIRCHNER, K., KREJČÍ, T., RACZYK, A., SPALLEK, W. and ZAPLETALOVÁ, J. (2015), ‘Permeability of Czech-Polish border using by selected criteria’, Geographia Technica, 10 (1), pp. 51–65, https://technicalgeography.org/pdf/1_2015/06_kolejka.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

KOŁODZIEJCZYK, K. (2014), ‘Rozwój sieci szlaków turystycznych wzdłuż granicy polsko-czeskiej w Sudetach w latach 1945–2013’, Prace Geograficzne, 136, pp. 81–101. https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.14.005.1643
Google Scholar

KOŁODZIEJCZYK, K. (2020), ‘Cross-border public transport between Poland and Czechia and the development of the tourism functions of the region’, Geographia Polonica, 93 (2), pp. 261–285. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0173
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0173

KOMORNICKI, T. (1999), ‘Granice Polski. Analiza zmian przepuszczalności w latach 1990–1996’, Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN.
Google Scholar

KOMORNICKI, T. and GOLISZEK, S. (2023), ‘New Transport Infrastructure and Regional Development of Central and Eastern Europe’, Sustainability, 15 (6), 5263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065263
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065263

KOMORNICKI, T. and WIŚNIEWSKI, R. (2017), ‘Border Traffic as a Measure of Trans-Border Relations’, Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 159, pp. 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1553/moegg159s151
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/moegg159s151

Kowalski, M. and Wiśniewski, S. (2019), ‘Transport accessibility and mobility: a forecast of changes in the face of planned development of the network of expressways and motorways in Poland’, European Spatial Research and Policy, 26 (2), pp. 151–176. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.2.08
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.2.08

KOZIARSKI, S. M. (2020), ‘Expanding the network of highways and expressways in the post-socialist countries of the European Union in the years 2004–2019’, Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 23 (93), pp. 41–60. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.019.12787
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.019.12787

Kramarz, M., Dohn, K., Przybylska, E. and Knop, L. (2020), ‘Scenarios for the Development of Multimodal Transport in the TRITIA Cross-Border Area’, Sustainability, 12 (17), 7021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177021
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177021

Kulczyk-Dynowska, A. (2018), ‘Spatial and Financial Aspects of National Parks Functioning in Poland Based on the Example of the Parks Situated along the Borderland of Lower Silesia Region and Liberecky and Kralovehradecky kraj’, [in:] Jedlička, P., Marešová, P. and Soukal, I. (eds), Hradec Economic Days: Double-blind peer reviewed proceedings part I. of the International Scientific Conference Hradec Economic Days 2018, Hradec Králové: University of Hradec Králové, pp. 501–512. https://doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2018-01-049
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2018-01-049

KUROWSKA-PYSZ, J. and SZCZEPAŃSKA-WOSZCZYNA, K. (2017), ‘The Analysis of the Determinants of Sustainable Cross-Border Cooperation and Recommendations on Its Harmonization’, Sustainability, 9 (12), 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122226
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122226

KWON, C. and GRAHAM, L. (2021), ‘Spatial approaches to determine accessibility. Updated June 9th, 2021 (...)’, ArcGIS Blog, https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-pro/analytics/spatial-approaches-to-determine-accessibility [accessed on: 10.01.2024].
Google Scholar

Lewkowicz, Ł. (2019), ‘Uwarunkowania i formy instytucjonalnej polsko-czeskiej współpracy transgranicznej’, Przegląd Geograficzny, 91 (4), pp. 511–530. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.4.4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.4.4

ŁYSAK, B., MRZENA, F., MOTYCZYŃSKI, Z., MAREŠ, J. and ŽUFFA, M. (1985), Studium zagospodarowania przestrzennego obszarów przygranicznych PRL-CSRS: dokument wspólny / Studie územního rozvoje pohraničních oblasti ČSSR-PLR: společné znění, Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych, Komisja ds. Rozwoju Rejonów Przygranicznych PRL-CSRS.
Google Scholar

MAGRYŚ, W. (2019), Ruch graniczny oraz wydatki cudzoziemców w Polsce i Polaków za granicą w III kwartale 2019 r., Rzeszów: Urząd Statystyczny w Rzeszowie.
Google Scholar

MAŁECKI, M. (1971), ‘Współpraca w dziedzinie planowania przestrzennego regionów przygranicznych’, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 65, pp. 121–184.
Google Scholar

MARADA, M. (2003), ‘Dopravní infrastruktura a hierarchie středisek v českém pohraničí’, Geografie–Sborník České Geografické Společnosti, 108 (2), pp. 130–145, https://geografie.cz/media/pdf/geo_2003108020130.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2003108020130

Mašková, T. and Ripka, V. (2015), Železná opona v Československu, Praha: ÚSTR – Sociologický ústav AV ČR.
Google Scholar

MICHNIAK, D., WIȨCKOWSKI, M., KOMORNICKI, T., ROSIK, P., STĘPNIAK, M. and ŚLESZYŃSKI, P. (2014), ‘Analýza vplyvu investícií do cestnej infraštruktúry na rozvoj cestovného ruchu v poľsko-slovenskom pohraničí’, Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics), 62 (5), pp. 540–554, https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/0620140805%2014%20Michniak%20RS.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

MILTIADOU, M., BOUHOURAS, E., BASBAS, S., MINTSIS, G. and TAXILTARIS, C. (2017), ‘Analysis of border crossings in South East Europe and measures for their improvement’, Transportation Research Procedia, 25, pp. 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.445
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.445

MINGHI, J. V. (1963), ‘Boundary Studies in Political Geography’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 53 (3), pp. 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00457.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00457.x

NEUENDORF, K. A. (2002), The Content Analysis Guidebook. Second Edition, Thousand Oaks–London–New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Google Scholar

PÁSZTO, V., MACKŮ, K., BURIAN, J., PÁNEK, J. and TUČEK, P. (2019), ‘Capturing cross-border continuity: The case of the Czech-Polish borderland’, Moravian Geographical Reports, 27 (2), pp. 122–138. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0010
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0010

PÉREZ-ACEBO, H., ROMO-MARTÍN, A. and FINDLEY, D. J. (2021), ‘Spatial distribution and the facility evaluation of the service and rest areas in the toll motorway network of the European Union’, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 15, pp. 821-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09421-3
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09421-3

PIEPIORA, Z., MĄDRO, K., GODLEWSKA, M. and WITKOWSKI, K. (2021), ‘The comparison of economic value of recreational assets of most popular Polish national parks with the travel cost method’, Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports, 17, pp. 71–87.
Google Scholar

POLAŃSKI, T. (ed.) (2006), Spatial Development Study of the Polish-Czech Border Region. Synthesis of National Documents, Warsaw–Wroclaw–Praha: Ministry of Construction of The Republic of Poland, Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic.
Google Scholar

Prášil, M. (2007), Dálnice 1967–2007. 40 let založení Ředitelství dálnic Praha znovuzahájení stavby dálnic v Československu, Praha: ŘSD.
Google Scholar

PRESCOTT, J. R. V. (1965), The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries, 2014 edition, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747965
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747965

PRZYBYŁA, K., KACHNIARZ, M. and RAMSEY, D. (2020), ‘The investment activity of cities in the context of their administrative status: A case study from Poland’, Cities, 97, 102505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102505
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102505

Ptáček, P., Opravil, Z. and Roubínek, P., (eds) (2015), Aktuální výzvy pro strategii rozvoje česko-polského pohraničí: případová studie příhraničí euroregionu Praděd, Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.
Google Scholar

RUSTECKI, J. (ed.) (1965), Prace Rady Motoryzacyjnej, 1958–1964, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności.
Google Scholar

RYCHLÍK, J. (2016), ‘Překračování hranic a emigrace v Československu a východní Evropě ve 20. století’, Securitas Imperii, 29 (2), pp. 10–72, https://www.ustrcr.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/SI_29_s10-72.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

SIERADZKA-STASIAK, A. (2012), ‘From EDC III to Via Regia Plus – development and accomplishment of the idea, structure and partnerships’, Studia nad Rozwojem Dolnego Śląska, (Special number - ‘Dolnośląskie doświadczenia w projektach Via Regia’), pp. 40–46, https://umwd.dolnyslask.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/Rozwoj_regionalny/dokumenty/Studia_DS_3_2012_v5.indd.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

SIKORSKI, D., LATOCHA-WITES, A., TOMCZAK, P., SZMYTKIE, R., MIODOŃSKA, P. and KAJDANEK, K. (2023), ‘Changes in the services of general interest in mountainous areas in Poland over the period 1988–2020: Their types, dynamics and driving forces’, Moravian Geographical Reports, 31 (1), pp. 39–49. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2023-0004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2023-0004

Skorupska, A. (2017), ‘Europejskie ugrupowania współpracy terytorialnej – ocena i perspektywy’, Biuletyn PISM, 59, 1501.
Google Scholar

STANCU, I., VĂRZARU, M. and LĂZĂRESCU, A. (2014), ‘Helsinki Corridors: Ways of European Expansion and Development’, European Research Studies Journal, 17 (2), pp. 81–108. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/420
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/420

SUCHORZEWSKI, W., BRZEZIŃSKI, A. and WALTZ, A. (2020), ‘Modelowanie i prognozowanie ruchu – od liczydła do Big Data’, Transport Miejski i Regionalny, 12, pp. 5-11, https://tmir.sitk.org.pl/nr-12-2020-r/ [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

TALBERG, P. and BELOF, M. (2010), ‘Central European Transport Corridor’, Paper presented on ICCEES (International Council for Central and East European Studies) VIII World Congress, Stockholm 26–31 July 2010, Stockholm.
Google Scholar

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2013a), ‘Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network and repealing Decision No 661/2010/EU. Text with EEA relevance’, Official Journal of the European Union, 348, pp. 1–128, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/1315/oj [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2013b), ‘Regulation (EU) No 1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing the Connecting Europe Facility, amending Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 680/2007 and (EC) No 67/2010. Text with EEA relevance’, Official Journal of the European Union, 348, pp. 129–171, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/1316/oj [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

TINA OFFICE (2002), Status of the Pan-European Transport Corridors and Transport Areas Developments and Activities in 2000 and 2001, Vienna: TINA Office, European Commission – DG Energy and Transport, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/467604?v=pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS (1951), ‘Declaration on the construction of main international traffic arteries. Geneva, 16 September 1950’, Treaty Series, 92, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2092/v92.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS (2007), International E Road Network in conformity with Annex I of The European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR) done at Geneva on 15 November 1975 (Map), Geneva: United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe.
Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS (2008), European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR). Consolidated Version, Geneva: The Economic and Social Council, United Nations, https://digi-tallibrary.un.org/record/635273?v=pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

United Nations (2011), TEM and TER revised Master Plan. Final report, Volume I: Main text, New York–Geneva: United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, https://unece.org/DAM/trans/main/temtermp/docs/TEM_and_TER_Vol_I.pdf [accessed on: 10.02.2025].
Google Scholar

VAISHAR, A., DVOŘÁK, P., HUBAČÍKOVÁ, V. and ZAPLETALOVÁ, J. (2013), ‘Contemporary development of peripheral parts of the Czech-Polish borderland: Case study of the Javorník area’, Geographia Polonica, 86 (3), pp. 237–253. https://doi.org/GPol.2013.21
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.2013.21

WIĘCKOWSKI, M. (2010), ‘Tourism development in the borderlands of Poland’, Geographia Polonica, 83 (2), pp. 67–81. https://doi.org/GPol.2010.2.5
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.2010.2.5

WOLNY, A., OGRYZEK, M. and ŹRÓBEK, R. (2019), ‘Towards Sustainable Development and Preventing Exclusions – Determining Road Accessibility at the Sub-Regional and Local Level in Rural Areas of Poland’, Sustainability, 11 (18), 4880. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184880
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184880

ZATHEY, M. (2009), ‘Sieci transportowe jako stymulator rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego i ruchu turystycznego na obszarze CETC’, Przegląd Komunikacyjny, 9–10, pp. 7–10.
Google Scholar

ZATHEY, M. (2010), ‘Inwestycje infrastruktury technicznej na Dolnym Śląsku jako czynnik rozwoju województwa w horyzoncie czasowym roku 2020’, [in:] KUPCZYK, T. (ed.), Uwarunkowania rozwoju Dolnego Śląska w perspektywie roku 2020, Wrocław: Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa, pp. 59–89.
Google Scholar

Zdulski, M. (2002), Polish Experience in Cross-border Cooperation. Implementation of the Small Projects Funds PHARE CBC, Jelenia Góra: Atla 2.
Google Scholar