Mniejszość LGBTQ+ w piłce nożnej mężczyzn w Europie – zarys problemu

Adam Oziemski

doi:10.18778/1427-9657.13.04

Authors

Adam Oziemski Uniwersytet Łódzki https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8611-2103

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.13.04

Keywords:

LGBT, homophobia, football, LGBT in football, Bundesliga, Premier League

Abstract

The European football environment is a heterogeneous, loosely-knit community marked by numerous differences stemming from cultural, historical, and legal backgrounds. This article is inspired by personal observations and the evident need to investigate the formation of LGBTQ+ communities within the fan and footballer environment. The paper addresses this extensive topic and aims to initiate a discussion on the circumstances under which LGBTQ+ individuals consolidate within football fans and players. The emancipation of a discriminated minority within its own environment must prove itself and, due to a number of factors, occurs and evolves in various ways. In football, the reference to LGBTQ+ and their grouping is particularly noticeable due to the insular nature of a still heavily masculinised environment, where gay, lesbian, transgender, and queer individuals are marginalised.

References

Jensen, J. 1992. Fandom as pathology: The consequences of characterization. W: L. A. Lewis (red.), The Adoring Audience. Fan Culture and Popular Media (s. 9–26). London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203181539-3

Kimmel, M. 1994. Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. W: H. Brod, M. Kaufman (red.), Theorizing Masculinities (s. 119–141). SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243627.n7

Letts, D., Magrath, R. 2022. English football, sexuality, and homophobia: Gay fans’ perspectives on governance and visibility. W: D. S. Coombs, A. C. Osborne (red.), Routledge Handbook of Sport Fans and Fandom (s. 192–203). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429342189-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429342189-20

McCarthy, M. 2010. We are family: IGLFA World Championships. W: R. Sharpley, P.R. Stone (red.), Tourist Experience (s. 141–154). London: Routledge.

Anderson, E. 2011. Inclusive masculinities of university soccer players in the American Midwest. Gender and Education 23(6), s. 729–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2010.528377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2010.528377

Anderson, E., McGuire, R. 2010. Inclusive masculinity theory and the gendered politics of men’s rugby. Journal of Gender Studies 19(3), s. 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2010.494341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2010.494341

Caudwell, J. 2011. ‘Does your boyfriend know you’re here?’ The spatiality of homophobia in men’s football culture in the UK. Leisure Studies 30(2), s. 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.541481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.541481

Clayton, B., Humberstone, B. 2006. A (pro)feminist analysis of male university football players’ discourse. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 41(4), s. 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207078380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207078380

Cleland, E., Cashmore, J. 2012. Fans, homophobia and masculinities in association football: Evidence of a more inclusive environment. British Journal of Sociology 63(2), s. 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01414.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01414.x

Dixon, K., Cashmore, E., Cleland, J. (2022). Why are there still no gay professional association football players in men’s major leagues? Revisiting the views of football fans in the United Kingdom. Journal of Homosexuality 69(8), s. 1653–1673. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2040927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2040927

Fudalej, M. 1987. Alienacja w społeczeństwie masowym: Los ludzi marginesu czy powszechna kondycja ludzka? Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 2, s. 237–250.

Fusco, C. 1995. Lesbians and locker rooms: Challenging lesbophobia. Canadian Woman Studies / Les cahiers de la femme 15(4), s. 67–70.

Hughson, J., Free, M. 2011. Football’s ‘coming out’: Soccer and homophobia. England’s Tabloid Press 140(1), s. 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1114000115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1114000115

Jones, L., McCarthy, M. 2010. Mapping the landscape of gay men’s football. Leisure Studies 29(2), s. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903261487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903261487

Magrath, R. 2021. Gay male football fans’ experiences: Authenticity, belonging and conditional acceptance. Sociology 55(5), s. 978–994. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038521994012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038521994012

Yang, J. 2023. Creating a non-gender binary sports space: The nonbinary policy of Korean „Queer Women Games”. Transgender Studies Quarterly 10(2), s. 116–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-10440762

About us, https://www.eglsf.info/about-us/ (dostęp: 20.05.2025).

Average annual salary of Premier League players tops £3m for first time, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/dec/23/premier-league-salaries-manchester-city-nba-barcelona (dostęp: 20.05.2025).

Fenix FC Makes History as Europe’s First All-Trans Soccer Team, https://www.transvitae.com/fenix-fc-makes-history-as-europes-first-all-trans-soccer-team/ (dostęp: 20.05.2025).

Gdzie homoseksualizm wciąż uznawany jest za przestępstwo? W jedenastu krajach osobom LGBT grozi kara śmierci, https://tvn24.pl/swiat/prawa-osob-lgbt-w-ktorych-krajach-homoseksualizm-uznawany-jest-za-przestepstwo-gdzie-grozi-kara-smierci-st5741409 (dostęp: 20.05.2025).

Justin Fashanu found hanged in lock-up garage, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/justin-fashanu-found-hanged-in-lockup-garage-1161425.html (dostęp: 20.05.2025).

Thomas Hitzlsperger: ‘I finally figured out that I preferred living with a man’, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jan/08/thomas-hitzlsperger-gay-footballer-interview (dostęp: 20.05.2025).