Przegląd wybranych badań nad moralnością podatkową. Wpływ moralności na rozmiary luk podatkowych

Autor

  • Adam Kędrzyński University of Lodz, Faculty of Economic and Sociology, Institute of Economics, Department of History of Economic Thought and Economic History

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.23.4.04

Słowa kluczowe:

tax gaps, tax morale, value added tax, corporate income tax, personal income tax, tax compliance, methodology, procedural justice

Abstrakt

It is commonly stated that the behavioral aspect is problematic for economists. Nevertheless, a large strand of the literature on the topic exists, and it is high time we started making use of this fact. Using a simple literature review, the article presents some of the recent psychological discoveries from the fields of social psychology and behavioral economics that can be applied to macroeconomics in the context of estimating and reducing tax gaps (aim 1). Also, some fundamental methodological issues (aim 2a) and ethical distinctions between different meanings of procedural justice are raised (aim 2b).

Bibliografia

Allingham, M. G. & Sandmo, A. (1972). Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 1(3/4), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2

Alm, J. & Torgler, B. (2006). Culture differences and tax morale in the United States and in Europe. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(2), 224–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2005.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2005.09.002

Andreoni, J., Erard, B. & Feinstein, J. (1998). Tax compliance. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(2), 818–860.

Antonides, G. & Robben, H. S. J. (1995). True positives and false alarms in the detection of tax evasion. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(4), 617–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(95)00027-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(95)00027-4

Ariely, D. (2017). Szczera prawda o nieuczciwości (A. Nowak-Młynikowska, tłum.). Sopot: Smak Słowa.

Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/259394

Braak, H. van de. (1983). Taxation and tax resistance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(83)90067-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(83)90067-3

Braithwaite, V. (2003). Dancing with tax authorities: Motivational postures and noncompliant actions. W: V. Braithwaite (red.), Taxing Democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and tax evasion (s. 15–39). London: Routledge.

Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D. & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The paradoxical consequences of revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1316–1324. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0012165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012165

Carnes, G. A. & Englebrecht, T. D. (1995). An Investigation of the Effect of Detection Risk Perceptions, Penalty Sanctions, and Income Visibility on Tax Compliance. The Journal of the American Taxation Association, 17(1), 26–41.

Cialdini, R., Goldstein, N. & Martin, S. (2017). Tak! 60 sekretów nauki perswazji (M. Lipa, tłum.). Warszawa: MT Biznes.

Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H. & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of the organizational research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425

Cowell, F. A. (1992). Tax evasion and inequity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13(4), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(92)90010-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(92)90010-5

Cummings, R. G., Martinez-Vazquez, J., McKee, M. & Torgler, B. (2009). Tax morale affects tax compliance: Evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 70(3), 447–457. https://doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2008.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.02.010

Dorobek, G. (2013). Uogólniona jakościowa teoria informacji w zastosowaniu do wybranych zagadnień filozoficznych. Kielce: Perpetuum Mobile.

Elffers, H. (2000). But Taxpayers Do Cooperate! W: M. Van Vught, M. Snyder, T. R. Tyler and A. Biel (red.), Cooperation in Modern Society. Promoting the Welfare of Communities, States and Organizations (s. 184–194). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203354254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203354254

Frey, B. S. (1992). Economics as a Science of Human Behaviour. Boston–Dordrecht–London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0

Gorazda, M. (2019). Sprawiedliwość podatkowa. W: T. Kwarciński, A. Wincewicz-Price (red.), Metaekonomia II. Zagadnienia z filozofii makroekonomii (s. 316–347). Kraków: Copernicus Center Press.

Hayek, F. von. (1974). The Pretence of Knowledge. From Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/lecture/

Hernandez, M., Jamison, J., Korczyc, E., Mazar, N. & Sormani, R. (2017). Applying Behavioral Insights to Improve Tax Collection. Experimental Evidence from Poland. Washington, DC: The World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/27528

Jackson, B. R. & Milliron, V. (1986). Tax compliance research: Findings, problems, and prospects. Journal of Accounting Literature, 5, 125–165.

Jost, J. T. & Kay, A. C. (2010). Social justice. W: S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (red.), Handbook of social psychology (s. 1122–1165). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Kahneman, D. (2012). Pułapki myślenia. O myśleniu szybkim i wolnym (P. Szymczak, tłum.). Poznań: Media Rodzina.

Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185

Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1992). Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574

Kelm, R. (2020). Determinanty luki w dochodach z podatku VAT w krajach Unii Europejskiej 2000–2016. Zeszyty Naukowe IEEF, 3, Łódź: IEEF.

Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628238

Long, S. & Swingen, J. (1991). The Conduct of Tax-Evasion Experiments: Validation, Analytical Methods, and Experimental Realism. W: P. Webley, H. Robben, H. Elffers and D. Hessing (red.), Tax Evasion: An Experimental Approach (s. 128–138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Luka podatkowa w VAT – jak to zwalczać? Raport PwC. (2014). Warszawa: PwC. https://www.pwc.pl/pl/publikacje/2014/luka-podatkowa-w-vat-jak-to-zwalczac.html

Niesiobędzka, M. (2009). Relacje podatnik–państwo jako predyktory moralności podatkowej. Psychologia Społeczna, 4/3(11), 123–132.

Niesiobędzka, M. (2016). Wpływ perspektywy, prawdopodobieństwa kontroli skarbowej i moralności podatkowej na zachowanie podatników. Studia Psychologiczne, 54(1), 55–66.

Nikulin, D. (2020). Tax Evasion, Tax Morale, and Trade Regulations: Company-Level Evidence from Poland. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(1), 111–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2020.080106

Pasternak-Malicka, M. (2013). Mentalność i moralność podatkowa a reakcje gospodarstw domowych na obowiązek podatkowy. Modern Management Review, 18(20), 87–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2013.mmr.8

Persson, T. & Tabellini, G. (2005). The economic effects of constitutions. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Robinson, P. H. & Kurzban, R. (2007). Concordance and conflict in intuitions of justice. Minnesota Law Review, 91(654), 1829–1907.

Schmölders, G. (1960). Das Irrationale in der öffentlichen Finanzwirtschaft. Frankfurt: Suhrkampf.

Schneider, F. (2012). The Shadow Economy and Work in the Shadow: What Do We (Not) Know? Discussion Paper 6423(2012). Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2031951

Soto, J. H. de (2006). Spór metodologiczny (Methodenstreit) Szkoły Austriackiej (J. Lewiński, M. Zieliński, tłum.). www.mises.pl/280

Stiglitz, J. E. (1985). The general theory of tax avoidance. National Tax Journal, 38, 325–337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41792029

Study to Quantify and Analyse the VAT Gap in the EU-25 Member States. (2009). London: Reckon LLP.

Szara strefa w Polsce. (2020). Warszawa: EY. https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_pl/topics/eat/pdf/03/ey-szara-strefa-w-polsce-final.pdf

Szymański, D. (2020). Uszczelnienie VAT się zacięło. „Doszliśmy do ściany”. Business Insider, 20 lutego. https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/podatki/luka-podatkowa-vat-w-2019-r-slawomir-dudek-uszczelnienie-podatkow-w-polsce/ttmrbt5

Taleb, N. N. (2019). Na własne ryzyko. Ukryte asymetrie w codziennym życiu (A. Unterschuetz, M. Krzak, tłum.). Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.

Tax Morale: What Drives People and Businesses to Pay Tax? (2019). Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f3d8ea10-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/f3d8ea10-en

Thaler, R. H. (2018). Zachowania niepoprawne. Tworzenie ekonomii behawioralnej (J. Konieczny, tłum.). Poznań: Media Rodzina.

The Concept of Tax Gaps. Report II: Corporate Income Tax Gap Estimation Methodologies. (2018). Bruksela: FISCALIS Tax Gap Project Group (FPG/041). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/161065/Part%20II%20_%20Estimation%20Methodologies.pdf

Torgler, B. (2003). Tax Morale and Institutions, Working Paper 09(2003). Zürich: Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.663686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.663686

Voigt, S. (2013). How (Not) to Measure Institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1336272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137412000148

Wenzel, M. (2004). An analysis of norm processes in tax compliance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(2), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00168-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00168-X

Wojciszke, B. (2019). Psychologia społeczna. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Załuski, W. (2009). Ewolucyjna filozofia prawa. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer Polska.

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2020-12-30

Numer

Dział

Artykuł

Jak cytować

Kędrzyński, Adam. 2020. “Przegląd Wybranych Badań Nad moralnością podatkową. Wpływ moralności Na Rozmiary Luk Podatkowych”. Annales. Etyka W Życiu Gospodarczym 23 (4): 65-80. https://doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.23.4.04.