Why Is It So Hard to Talk About Same-Sex Experience? A Case Study of Veiled Silence in a Research Relationship through Reflexive and Autoethnographic Lens

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.20.3.02

Keywords:

Anxiety, Silence, Veiled Silence, Culture of Silence, Interview, Queer, Gender, Vietnam

Abstract

Research into intimate details of human life can be challenging for the parties involved. This article is a case study of a research situation in which I, as an interviewer, failed to elicit information from a male Vietnamese interviewee who evaded discussing specific details of his romantic life. I argue that this situation—the man’s avoidance of sharing details of his feelings toward people of the same sex and my discomfort in facing his avoidance—reveals a culture of silence regarding same-sex experiences in Vietnam. The study utilizes autoethnographic anecdotes of my experience of growing up in such a culture and observing similar evasive attitudes. It also adopts a reflexive approach that delves into segments of my second research encounter with the interviewee as well as my internal struggles, including feelings of anxiety and guilt about probing into an informant’s romantic life. It seeks to enrich Lisa A. Mazzei’s concept of “veiled silence,” which describes the deliberate non-engagement with taboo topics by linking it with the idea of a “culture of silence,” or a disempowering social environment, and discussing these concepts in the context of Vietnam. It also contributes to the literature on LGBTQ+ matters in Vietnam and qualitative research methods by recommending greater attention to silence in research encounters, which can offer unexpected insights for studies into sensitive issues.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Thi Gammon, King’s College London, UK

    Thi Gammon holds a Ph.D. in Media Studies from the Victoria University of Wellington. She is a Research Associate at King’s College London’s Department of Culture, Media, and Creative Industries. Her work has been published in multiple journals, including Journal of Psychosocial Studies, Studies in Gender and Sexuality, Asian Studies Review, Sexuality & Culture, NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, and Feminist Media Studies. Gammon’s work focuses on contemporary Vietnamese society and culture.

References

Adams, Tony E. 2010. “Paradoxes of Sexuality, Gay Identity, and the Closet.” Symbolic Interaction 33(2):234-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2010.33.2.234

Ainslie, Mary J. 2017. “Korean Soft Masculinity vs. Malay Hegemony: Malaysian Masculinity and Hallyu Fandom.” Korea Observer 48(3):607-638.

Alvesson, Mats and Kaj Sköldberg. 2017. Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research. Los Angeles, London: Sage.

Boone, Katrien, Griet Roets, and Rudi Roose. 2019. “Raising Critical Consciousness in the Struggle against Poverty: Breaking a Culture of Silence.” Critical Social Policy 39(3):434-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018318820233

Bosson, Jennifer K., Jonathan R. Weaver, and Jennifer L. Prewitt-Freilino. 2012. “Concealing to Belong, Revealing to Be Known: Classification Expectations and Self-Threats among Persons with Concealable Stigmas.” Self and Identity 11(1):114-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2010.513508

Butler, Judith. 2006. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, London: Routledge.

Chang, Heewon. 2008. Autoethnography as Method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

Charton, Laurence and Julie-Anne Boudreau. 2017. “‘We or Them,’ ‘You and I,’ and ‘I’: Spaces of Intimacy and (Not So) Public Displays of Affection in Hanoi.” Gender Place & Culture 24(9):1303-1322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1372386

Collins, Joshua C. and Jamie L. Callahan. 2012. “Risky Business: Gay Identity Disclosure in a Masculinized Industry.” Human Resource Development International 15(4):455-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2012.706427

Connell, Catherine. 2018. “Thank You for Coming Out Today: The Queer Discomforts of In-Depth Interviewing.” Pp 126-139 in Other, Please Specify: Queer Methods in Sociology, edited by T. Meadow and K. Schilt. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520963993-009

Custer, Dwayne. 2014. “Autoethnography as a Transformative Research Method.” The Qualitative Report 19(37):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1011

Dean, James Joseph. 2013. “Heterosexual Masculinities, Anti-Homophobias, and Shifts in Hegemonic Masculinity: The Identity Practices of Black and White Heterosexual Men.” The Sociological Quarterly 54(4):534-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12036

Drummond, Lisa. 2004. “The Modern ‘Vietnamese Woman’: Socialization and Women’s Magazines.” Pp. 158-178 in Gender Practices in Contemporary Vietnam, edited by L. Drummond and H. Rydstrøm. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

Ellis, Carolyn and Arthur P. Bochner. 2000. “Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, Reflexivity: Researcher as Subject.” Pp. 733-768 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.

Gammon, Thi. 2021a. Vietnamese Reception of Soft Masculinities in Korean Television Dramas: Desires, Identifications, And Gender. Ph.D. Thesis. Victoria University of Wellington.

Gammon, Thi. 2021b. “Making Sense of Discomfort: The Performance of Masculinity and (Counter-)Transference.” Journal of Psychological Studies 14(2):89-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/147867321X16218461456999

Gammon, Thi. 2022. “‘I’d Have Divorced My Husband If Not for Korean Dramas.’ Vietnamese Women’s Consumption of Television Romance and Melancholia.” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 23(3):207-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15240657.2022.2097483

Grünkemeier, Ellen. 2013. Breaking the Silence: South African Representations of HIV/AIDS. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782041924

Gusmano, Beatrice. 2008. “Coming Out or Not? How Nonheterosexual People Manage Their Sexual Identity at Work.” Journal of Workplace Rights 13(4):473-496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/WR.13.4.g

Ha, Yen Hoang. 2020. “The Experience of Young LGBT People in Rural Vietnam.” Pp. 91-106 in Gender and Sexuality Justice in Asia: Finding Resolutions through Conflicts, edited by J. N. Goh, S. A. Bong, and T. Kananatu. Singapore: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8916-4_7

Hayton, Bill. 2010. Vietnam: Rising Dragon. Hampshire: Yale University Press.

Hollway, Wendy and Tony Jefferson. 2000. Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free Association, Narrative, and the Interview Method. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209007

Horton, Brian A. 2018. “What’s So ‘Queer’ about Coming Out? Silent Queers and Theorizing Kinship Agonistically in Mumbai.” Sexualities 21(7):1059-1074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717718506

Horton, Paul. 2014. “‘I Thought I Was the Only One’: The Misrecognition of LGBT Youth in Contemporary Vietnam.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 16(8):960-973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.924556

Horton, Paul. 2019. “Recognising Shadows: Masculinism, Resistance, and Recognition in Vietnam.” NORMA 14(1):66-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2019.1565166

Human Rights Watch. 2020. “‘My Teacher Said I Had a Disease.’ Barriers to the Right to Education for LGBT Youth in Vietnam.” Human Rights Watch. Retrieved June 22, 2024 https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/02/13/my-teacher-said-i-had-disease/barriers-right-education-lgbt-youth-vietnam

Ives, Mike. 2018. “Gay Courtship in Vietnam’s ‘The Bachelor’ Turned Heads Abroad. Back Home? Meh.” The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2024 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/25/world/asia/vietnam-bachelor-gay-lesbian-contestants.html

Kam, Lucetta Yip Lo. 2012. Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888139453.001.0001

La, Manh Cuong. 2012. Social Change and Sexual Expression among Young Married Men in Vietnam. Ph.D. Thesis. La Trobe University.

Li, Eva Cheuk-Yin. 2018. “Making Sense of Ambiguity: Theory and Method.” Pp 43-78 in Researching Sex and Sexualities, edited by C. Morris et al. London: Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222281.ch-002

Luong, Hy V., ed. 2003. Postwar Vietnam: Dynamics of a Transforming Society. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Martin, Philip. 2013. Renovating Masculinity: Urban Men’s Experiences and Emergent Masculinity Models in Ðổi Mới Vietnam. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of Melbourne.

Mazzei, Lisa A. 2003. “Inhabited Silences: In Pursuit of a Muffled Subtext.” Qualitative Inquiry 9(3):355-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403009003002

Mazzei, Lisa A. 2007. Inhabited Silence in Qualitative Research: Putting Poststructural Theory to Work. New York: Peter Lang.

McDonald, James. 2016. “Expanding Queer Reflexivity: The Closet as a Guiding Metaphor for Reflexive Practice.” Management Learning 47(4):391-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507615610029

Morison, Tracy and Catriona Macleod. 2014. “When Veiled Silences Speak: Reflexivity, Trouble and Repair as Methodological Tools for Interpreting the Unspoken in Discourse-Based Data.” Qualitative Research 14(6):694-711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794113488129

Nguyen, Huong Thu. 2016. “Navigating Identity, Ethnicity and Politics: A Case Study of Gender Variance in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.” NORMA 11(4):255-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2016.1259845

Nguyen, Khanh Linh and Jack Dash Harris. 2009. “Extramarital Relationships, Masculinity, and Gender Relations in Vietnam.” Southeast Review of Asian Studies 31:127-142.

Nguyen, Phuong An. 2007. “‘Relationships Based on Love and Relationships Based on Needs’: Emerging Trends in Youth Sex Culture in Contemporary Urban Vietnam.” Modern Asian Studies 41(2): 287-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X05002258

Nguyen, Thi Huyen Linh. 2019. “Reading the YouTube Sitcom My Best Gay Friends: What It Means to Be Gay in Vietnam.” Continuum 33(5):540-553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2019.1634179

Nguyen, Thi Quynh Trang and Keith Simkin. 2017. “Gender Discrimination in Vietnam: The Role of Personal Face.” Journal of Gender Studies 26(6):609-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1095083

Nguyễn, Thị Kiều Anh and Thị Thanh Nguyễn. 2018. “Tiểu thuyết đam mỹ ở Việt Nam: Cần cái nhìn đối thoại [Danmei in Vietnam: Further Dialogue Is Needed].” Website Khoa Ngữ Văn Trường Đại Học Sư Phạm Hà Nội 2 [Hanoi National University of Education’s Faculty of Linguistics and Literature’s website]. Retrieved June 22, 2024 https://philology.hpu2.edu.vn/doc/tieu-thuyet-dam-my-o-viet-nam--can-cai-nhin-doi-thoai.html

Nkealah, Naomi. 2009. “Contesting the Culture of Silence in Muslim Women’s Writing: Women, Sex, and Marriage in Alifa Rifaat’s Distant View of a Minaret.” English Academy Review 26(1):27-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10131750902768390

Orne, Jason. 2011 “You Will Always Have to ‘Out’ Yourself: Reconsidering Coming Out through Strategic Outness.” Sexualities 14(6):681-703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711420462

Rule, Nicholas O. and Ravin Alaei. 2016. “‘Gaydar’: The Perception of Sexual Orientation From Subtle Cues.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 25(6):444-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416664403

Rydstrøm, Helle and Lisa Drummond Lisa, eds. 2004. Gender Practices in Contemporary Vietnam. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

Seiter, Ellen. 1990. “Making Distinctions in TV Audience Research: Case Study of a Troubling Interview.” Cultural Studies 4(1):61-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389000490051

Sharbaugh, Patrick E. 2013. “What Is Mine Is Yours: An Exploratory Study of Online Personal Privacy in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.” Pp. 71-85 in Cyberculture Now: Social and Communication Behaviours on the Web, edited by A. Maj. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848881785_007

Skeggs, Bev, Nancy Thumim, and Helen Wood. 2008. “‘Oh Goodness, I Am Watching Reality TV’: How Methods Make Class in Audience Research.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 11(1):5-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407084961

Soucy, Alexander. 1999. “Masculinities and Buddhist Symbolism in Vietnam.” Pp 123-134 in Playing the Man: New Approaches to Masculinity, edited by K. Biber, T. Sear, and D. Trudinger. Sydney: Pluto Press Australia.

Thư Viện Pháp Luật. n.d. Công văn Bộ Y Tếsố 4132 [The Health Ministry’s Official Letter]. Retrieved June 22, 2024 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/cong-van/The-thao-Y-te/Cong-van-4132-BYT-PC-2022-chan-chinh-cong-tac-kham-chua-benh-nguoi-dong-tinh-song-tinh-525166.aspx

Tran, Ngoc Angie. 2004. “What’s Women’s Work? Male Negotiations and Gender Reproduction in the Vietnamese Garment Industry.” Pp. 210-235 in Gender Practices in Contemporary Vietnam, edited by L. Drummond and H. Rydstrøm. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

Tran, Richard Quang Anh. 2014. “An Epistemology of Gender: Historical Notes on the Homosexual Body in Contemporary Vietnam, 1986-2005.” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 9(2):1-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.2.1

Trần, Thanh Hồng Lam. 2016. “Đồng tính nam – Lựa chọn và dấn thân (Nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) [Male Homosexuality—Choice and Taking Risks (Research in Ho Chi Minh City)].” Pp 89-152 in Đời sống xã hội Việt Nam đương đại: Những người thiểu số ở đô thị: Lựa chọn, trở thành, khác biệt [Contemporary Vietnamese Society. Urban Minorities: Choice, Becoming, Difference], edited by D. L. Nguyễn. Vietnam: Nhà xuất bản Tri Thức [Knowledge Publishing House].

Trịnh, Minh Đỗ Uyên and Quốc Bình Nguyễn. 2020. “The Development of Boys Love in Vietnam: From Manga to Dammei Fiction to the Football Turf.” Mechademia: Second Arc 13(1):148- 152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/mech.13.1.0148

Tsedendemberel, Otgonbaatar. 2021. “Shamed Citizens: A Case Study on the Lived Experiences of Mature Vietnamese Queers.” Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies 7(2):324-351.

Valocchi, Stephen. 2005. “Not Yet Queer Enough: The Lessons of Queer Theory for the Sociology of Gender and Sexuality.” Gender & Society 19(6):750-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205280294

Verhezen, Peter. 2010. “Giving Voice in a Culture of Silence. From a Culture of Compliance to a Culture of Integrity.” Journal of Business Ethics 96(2):187-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0458-5

Warner, Michael. 1991. “Introduction: Fear of a Queer Planet.” Social Text (1991):3-17.

Werner, Jayne and Danièle Bélanger, eds. 2002. Gender, Household, State: Doi Moi in Viet Nam. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501719455

Whitehouse-Hart, Jo. 2014. Psychosocial Explorations of Film and Television Viewing: Ordinary Audience. L ondon: P algrave M acmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137465146

Yoshida, Karen K. and Fady Shanouda. 2015. “A Culture of Silence: Modes of Objectification and the Silencing of Disabled Bodies.” Disability & Society 30(3):432-444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1019042

Downloads

Published

2024-07-31

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Gammon, Thi. 2024. “Why Is It So Hard to Talk About Same-Sex Experience? A Case Study of Veiled Silence in a Research Relationship through Reflexive and Autoethnographic Lens”. Qualitative Sociology Review 20 (3): 24-40. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.20.3.02.