A Reflexive Lens: Exploring Dilemmas of Qualitative Methodology Through the Concept of Reflexivity

Authors

  • Suzanne Day York University, Canada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.8.1.04

Keywords:

Reflexivity, Qualitative Methodology, Epistemology, Research Relationships, Power, Positionality, Quality, Research Dilemmas

Abstract

Reflexivity has emerged as a central and critical concept in the methodology of qualitative social research. However, the concept of reflexivity is defined and taken up in a wide variety of ways, and the assumptions underlying each incarnation have particular implications for research outcomes. This paper argues that these various conceptualizations of reflexivity offer the qualitative researcher a critical lens through which to analyze key methodological dilemmas. Exploring the concept of reflexivity in its various forms provides an entry-point for understanding key dilemmas in the epistemology of qualitative methodology, qualitative research relationships, and the evaluation of qualitative research. These dilemmas present important challenges in terms of the complex issues of power, knowledge production and subjectivity. This paper thus demonstrates that a reflexive exploration of methodological dilemmas can provide a starting point for assessing the consequences and transformative potential of our qualitative research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Suzanne Day, York University, Canada

Suzanne Day is a PhD student in the Department of Sociology at York University in Toronto, Ontario. Her research interests include qualitative methodology, theories and practices of care work, and feminist research. She is presently working on her dissertation proposal to study the decision-making processes of long-term residential care workers.

References

Acker, Sandra. 2000. “In/out/side: Positioning the Researcher in Feminist Qualitative Research.” Resources for Feminist Research 28(1/2):189-208.
Google Scholar

Becker, Howard. 1967. “Whose Side Are We On?” Social Problems 14(3):234-247.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/799147

Becker, Howard. 1996. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 53-71 in Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry, edited by Richard Jessor, Anne Colby, Richard Schweder. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Becker, Howard. 1998. Tricks of the Trade: How to Think about Your Research while You’re Doing It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226040998.001.0001

Berik, Gunseli. 1996. “Understanding the Gender System in Rural Turkey: Fieldwork Dilemmas of Conformity and Intervention.” Pp. 56-71 in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, edited by Diane L. Wolf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493843-2

Best, Amy. 2003. “Doing Race in the Context of Feminist Interviewing: Constructing Whiteness Through Talk.” Qualitative Inquiry 9(6):895-914.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403254891

Bolak, Hale C. 1997. “Studying One’s Own in the Middle East: Negotiating Gender and Self-Other Dynamics in the Field.” Pp. 95-118 in Reflexivity and Voice, edited by Rosanna Hertz. Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar

Bordo, Susan. 1993. “Feminism, Foucault and the Politics of the Body.” Pp. 179-202 in Up Against Foucault: Explorations of Some Tensions between Foucault and Feminism, edited by Caroline Ramazanoglu. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2004. Science of Science and Reflexivity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Brekhus, Wayne H. 2008. “Trends in the Qualitative Study of Social Identities.” Sociology Compass 2(3):1059-1078.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00107.x

Cho, Jeasik and Allen Trent. 2006. “Validity in Qualitative Research Revisited.” Qualitative Research 6(3):319-340.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106065006

Code, Lorraine B. 1995. “How do we Know? Questions of Method in Feminist Practice.” Pp. 13-44 in Changing Methods: Feminists Transforming Practice, edited by Sandra Burt, Lorraine B. Code. Peterborough: Broadview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442602434-002

Collins, Patricia Hill. 1990. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Google Scholar

Collins, Patricia Hill. 1991. “Learning from the Outsider Within.” Pp. 35-59 in Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived Research, edited by Mary M. Fonow, Judith A. Cook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar

Denzin, Norman K. and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2000. “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 1-28 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Dickson-Swift, Virginia et al. 2009. “Researching Sensitive Topics: Qualitative Research as Emotion Work.” Qualitative Research 9(1):61-79.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794108098031

Eakin, Joan and Eric Mykhalovskiy. 2003. “Reframing Judgment of Qualitative Research: Reflections on a Review of Appraisal Guidelines in the Health Sciences.” Journal of Evaluation of Clinical Practice 9(2):187-194.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2753.2003.00392.x

Finlay, Linda. 2002. “Negotiating the Swamp: The Opportunity and Challenge of Reflexivity in Research.” Qualitative Research 2(2):209-230.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410200200205

Frosh, Stephen and Peter D. Emerson. 2005. “Interpretation and Over-Interpretation: Disputing the Meaning of Texts.” Qualitative Research 5(3):307-324.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794105054457

Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon Books.
Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 1977. Language, Counter-Memory, and Practice. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.
Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, vol. 1. New York: Vintage Books.
Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 1981. “The Order of Discourse.” Pp. 48-79 in Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, edited by R. Young. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Google Scholar

Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.
Google Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor.
Google Scholar

Gordon, Tuula et al. 2005. “Gazing with Intent: Ethnographic Practices in Classrooms.” Qualitative Research 5(1):113-131.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794105048659

Hall, Stuart. 2001. “Foucault: Power, Knowledge and Discourse.” Pp. 72-81 in Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader, edited by M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, S. Yates. London: Sage Publications.
Google Scholar

Haraway, Donna. 1988. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective.” Feminist Studies 14(3):575-599.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066

Harding, Sandra, (ed.). 1988. Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra and Kathryn Norberg. 2005. “New Feminist Approaches to Social Science Methodologies: An Introduction.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30(4):2009-2015.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/428420

Hawksworth, Mary. 2006. Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Google Scholar

Hoffman, Elizabeth A. 2007. “Open-Ended Interviews, Power and Emotional Labour.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36(3):318-346.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241606293134

Hsiung, Ping-Chun. 1996. “Between Bosses and Workers: The Dilemma of a Keen Observer and a Vocal Feminist.” Pp. 122-137 in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, edited by Diane L. Wolf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493843-6

Khan, Shahnaz. 2005. “Reconfiguring the Native Informant: Positionality in the Global Age.” Signs 30(4):2017-2035.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/428423

Lal, Jayati. 1996. “Situating Locations: The Politic of Self, Identity, and «Other».” Pp. 185-214 in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, edited by Diane L. Wolf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493843-10

Lynch, Michael. 2000. “Against Reflexivity as an Academic Virtue and Source of Privileged Knowledge.” Theory, Culture and Society 17(3):26-54.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02632760022051202

Macbeth, Douglas. 2001. “On Reflexivity in Qualitative Research: Two Readings, and a Third.” Qualitative Inquiry 7(1):35-68.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040100700103

Michalowski, Raymond J. 1997. “Ethnography and Anxiety: Field Work and Reflexivity in the Vortex of U.S.-Cuban Relations.” Pp. 45-69 in Reflexivity and Voice, edited by Rosanna Hertz. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar

Minh-ha, Trinh T. 1989. Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar

Murray, Susan B. 2003. “A Spy, a Shill, a Go-between, or a Sociologist: Unveiling the «Observer» in Participant Observer.” Qualitative Research 3(3):377-395.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033006

Mykhalovskiy, Eric and Liza McCoy. 2002. “Troubling Ruling Discourses of Health: Using Institutional Ethnography in Community-Based Research.” Critical Public Health 12(1):17-37.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581590110113286

Mykhalovskiy, Eric et al. 2008. “Qualitative Research and the Politics of Knowledge in an Age of Evidence: Developing a Research-Based Practice of Immanent Critique.” Social Science and Medicine 67(1):195-203.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.002

Naples, Nancy A. 2003. Feminism and Method: Ethnography, Discourse Analysis and Activist Research. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Nilan, Pamela. 2002. “Dangerous Fieldwork Re-Examined: the Question of Researcher Subject Position.” Qualitative Research 2(3):363-386.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410200200305

Pillow, Wanda. 2003. “Confession, Catharsis, or Cure? Rethinking the uses of Reflexivity as Methodological Power in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Studies in Education 16(2):175-196.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839032000060635

Puddephatt, Antony J., William Shaffir and Steven W. Kleinknecht. 2009. “Exercises in Reflexivity: Situating Theory in Practice.” Pp. 1-34 in Ethnographies Revisited, edited by Antony J. Puddephatt, William Shaffir, Steven W. Kleinknecht. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876503

Ramazanoglu, Caroline. 2002. Feminist Methodology: Challenges and Choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar

Reinharz, Shulamit. 1997. “Who am I? The Need for a Variety of Selves in the Field.” Pp. 3-20 in Reflexivity and Voice, edited by Rosanna Hertz. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar

Sandoval, Chela. 2000. Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar

Shope, Janet Hinson. 2006. “You Can’t Cross a River Without Getting Wet: A Feminist Standpoint on the Dilemmas of Cross-Cultural Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12(1):163-184.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405282792

Smith, Dorothy E. 1987. The Everyday World as Problematic – A Feminist Sociology. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Google Scholar

Smith, Dorothy E. 1992. “Sociology From Women’s Experience: A Reaffirmation.” Sociological Theory 10(1):88-98.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/202020

Wacquant, Loïc J. D. 1992. “Towards a Social Praxeology: The Structure and Logic of Bourdieu’s Sociology.” Pp. 1-59 in An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, edited by Pierre Bourdieu, Loïc J. D. Wacquant. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Wacquant, Loïc J. D. 2009. “Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflections on Becoming a Prizefighter.” Pp. 137-151 in Ethnographies Revisited, edited by Antony J. Puddephatt, William Shaffir, Steven W. Kleinknecht. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Wasserfall, Rachel R. 1997. “Reflexivity, Feminism, and Difference.” Pp. 150-168 in Reflexivity and Voice, edited by Rosanna Hertz. Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar

Watson, Cate. 2006. “Unreliable Narrators? Inconsistency (and Some Inconstancy) in Interviews.” Qualitative Research 6(3):367-384.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106065008

Watts, Jacqueline. 2006. “The Outsider Within: Dilemmas of Qualitative Feminist Research Within a Culture of Resistance.” Qualitative Research 6(3):385-402.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106065009

Whyte, William Foote. 1943. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Wolf, Diane L. 1996. “Situating Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork.” Pp. 1-55 in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, edited by Diane L. Wolf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493843-1

Zavella, Patricia. 1996. “Feminist Insider Dilemmas: Constructing Ethnic Identity with Chicana Informants.” Pp. 138-159 in Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, edited by Diane L. Wolf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493843-7

Downloads

Published

2012-04-30

How to Cite

Day, S. (2012). A Reflexive Lens: Exploring Dilemmas of Qualitative Methodology Through the Concept of Reflexivity. Qualitative Sociology Review, 8(1), 60–85. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.8.1.04